शैडोइंग अभ्यास: What are Design Patterns? | Introduction to Design Patterns and Principles | Geekific - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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What's up geeks and welcome to the channel! If you're in the computer science domain you definitely have heard of design patterns before or even used a few patterns in practice with or without your knowledge but really what are design patterns?
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why were they created in the first  place and who decided to create them?
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what is actually the main  purpose behind design patterns?
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all these questions and more will be answered  in this first video of our design pattern series to which later we will add more videos  detailing each pattern on its own.
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As always and to better understand  the concept at hand let's take a practical example and let's imagine a steak. You see I may have imagined a well done steak you may have imagined a medium done one someone else might have imagined a vegan steak, while ordering a steak at a restaurant,  each one of us orders it differently we don't all necessarily have to  order or eat our steak the same way and yet the cook that is preparing it, will take the same piece of  meat or soy in addition to the way or policy of how we like our steak and prepare a delicious meal a different one for each one of us using the same  piece of meat as a starting point To compare this to a computer program suppose  we have a Chef class with a prepare() method This method can take a WellDoneInstruction  object and in this prepare method the chef will know how to prepare a well-done steak but what about other ways of preparing a steak we will have to overload this method to take in  a MediumDoneInstruction and a VeganInstruction Okay now our chef knows how  to cook all the steaks we want Let's say this chef extended his knowledge and  now knows of five additional ways to cook a steak should we add five more methods? Well let me suggest something else, why not replace all these methods with a single  method that takes a steak cooking instruction and let all these classes inherit  this one what do you think?
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Isn't that a better design for our Chef class You see this way, our class is closed  for modification and open for extension which means that not only we won't  have to add any more methods nor even touch our Chef class in the future but in addition to this when a new instruction is needed all we have to do is extend the SteakCookingInstruction class  we created with this new instruction and the prepare method will  handle it automatically Now because of our design, this chef  apparently skyrocketed and decided to open a new branch for the restaurant So every time a new customer enters the restaurant the chef goes ahead and informs them  of the opening date and details for the new branch but do you think that is the best  approach to deal with such a scenario?
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Don't you think that instead of  waiting for people to come in the chef should have instead messaged  all his customers the details about the opening or even posted on social media and those interested would have showed up wouldn't his reach be far larger? In both previous scenarios the solutions I suggested hint at a specific pattern this pattern will not actually solve our problem and generate magically ready code for us but rather it will give us a description or template to follow a way of thinking  that will help us solve these problems like a series of formalized best practices, steps  that programmers have followed and used to solve common problems like the one we just encountered. Design Patterns best became known from the design patterns book by Erich Gamma, Richard  Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides often referred to as the Gang of  Four book published in the mid 90s.
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Now, this book details 23 design patterns  which were split into three groups: Creational Patterns, Structural  Patterns, and Behavioral Patterns.
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Creational patterns deal  with the creation of objects Instead of you instantiating all  objects very specifically and explicitly they give you more flexibility  in how the objects are actually created Let's suppose that we have  a class with 10 attributes but not every time we create an object based on  this class we need to specify all 10 attributes sometimes you only need one, in other cases  three or two, and sometimes eight or nine, in such cases we are left with two  solutions and not quite the best out there: either to create a lot, like a lot, of  overloaded constructors for our class or create one constructor that takes  all arguments but then we will need to pass as null values the ones we don't  require upon creation of our objects Well, design patterns will tell  you wait, you have a third option follow the template provided  by the Builder Pattern, a template widely used and tested  by many developers out there Well if I were in your shoes  I'd pick this last option.
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Structural patterns deal with  how classes are actually designed with how things like inheritance  and composition and aggregation can be used to provide extra functionality Let's consider that in our application we are storing book objects and these books well there's too many of them, like in the hundred thousand books of a library, or the books in all of amazon online store, and for some reason we need to represent each book by an object You see in this case we will have a bunch of book objects that will share the same attributes and by bunch I mean in the thousands which will have the same author, the same amazon  physical storage location, same places it can be delivered to, same provider, etc. you got the idea and maybe the only attribute that will defer is the title itself and the price in some cases So why create for each book an object and consume all this amount of memory while at the same time if we follow the template specified by the Flyweight Pattern we will be able to minimize memory usage by sharing as much data as possible  between our similar objects You see that is what design  patterns are trying to do they are trying to provide us with a schema, a step-by-step definition or template to help us overcome development or architectural  problems that others have faced before us.
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Finally, Behavioral patterns are specifically  concerned with communication and assignment of responsibilities between  objects as the program is running The two examples we gave at the beginning  of our video can actually be solved using two different behavioral patterns one of them being the Strategy pattern Let's take a second example and  suppose we realized that the state of an object in our application will  be changed by a lot of other objects but we need to be able to undo the last change Well this can be done in many different ways and you are free to use any of them but there is a Memento design pattern that describes a simple proven approach. So to sum up, design patterns will speed up your development process by providing  tested and proven development models At first you may not notice that you require  the use of this pattern here or there or you may make use of it without even knowing but with time practice and hopefully with the help of our videos you will! So that's it for this video, I hope it was helpful, thank you guys for watching,  take care and I will see you in the next one!

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “What are Design Patterns?” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: pattern, object, design, steak, chef। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 11 वाक्य और 1284 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 7:17 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 176 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। 85% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा। इसके 11 वाक्यों में से 7 प्रश्न हैं, इसलिए यह प्रश्नों के लहजे और छोटे जवाबों के अभ्यास के लिए अच्छा है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 10 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्दउच्चारणअर्थ
steak संज्ञा/steɪk/स्टेक
template संज्ञा/ˈtɛm.plɪt/साँचा, क़ालिब
attribute संज्ञा/ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/गुण, सिफ़त
schema संज्ञा/ˈskiːmə/मनोबंध
programmer संज्ञा/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/प्रोग्रामर
undo क्रिया/ʌnˈduː/उधेड़ना
functionality संज्ञाक्रियात्मकता
inheritance संज्ञा/ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/उत्तराधिकार
consume क्रिया/kənˈsum/उपभुक्त
vegan संज्ञा/ˈviːɡən/वीगन

वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब

शब्दउच्चारणअर्थ
go ahead क्रिया/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/आगे बढ़ना

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचनावीडियो में
शर्त वाले वाक्य if + उपवाक्य, will/would + क्रिया — शर्त और उसका नतीजाif I were in your shoes I'd pick
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता हैwill be answered · is closed · were split
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी हैhave heard · have followed · have faced
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारीextension which means · patterns which were · thousands which will

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 8 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, I'd, isn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

  • “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, instantiate /ɪnˈstænʃieɪt/, modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
  • लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, architectural /ˌɑɹkɪˈtɛkt͡ʃəɹəl/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

  • /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, overload /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/, vegan /ˈviːɡən/
  • /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: formalize /ˈfɔɹ.məlaɪːz/, minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/
  • शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: steak /steɪk/, specify /ˈspɛs.əˌfaɪ/, schema /ˈskiːmə/, skyrocket /ˈskaɪˌɹɒk.ɪt/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

  1. पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
  2. 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
  3. अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर steak, template, attribute जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →