Pratica di Shadowing: What are Design Patterns? | Introduction to Design Patterns and Principles | Geekific - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
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What's up geeks and welcome to the channel! If you're in the computer science domain you definitely have heard of design patterns before or even used a few patterns in practice with or without your knowledge but really what are design patterns?
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why were they created in the first place and who decided to create them?
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what is actually the main purpose behind design patterns?
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all these questions and more will be answered in this first video of our design pattern series to which later we will add more videos detailing each pattern on its own.
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As always and to better understand the concept at hand let's take a practical example and let's imagine a steak. You see I may have imagined a well done steak you may have imagined a medium done one someone else might have imagined a vegan steak, while ordering a steak at a restaurant, each one of us orders it differently we don't all necessarily have to order or eat our steak the same way and yet the cook that is preparing it, will take the same piece of meat or soy in addition to the way or policy of how we like our steak and prepare a delicious meal a different one for each one of us using the same piece of meat as a starting point To compare this to a computer program suppose we have a Chef class with a prepare() method This method can take a WellDoneInstruction object and in this prepare method the chef will know how to prepare a well-done steak but what about other ways of preparing a steak we will have to overload this method to take in a MediumDoneInstruction and a VeganInstruction Okay now our chef knows how to cook all the steaks we want Let's say this chef extended his knowledge and now knows of five additional ways to cook a steak should we add five more methods? Well let me suggest something else, why not replace all these methods with a single method that takes a steak cooking instruction and let all these classes inherit this one what do you think?
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Isn't that a better design for our Chef class You see this way, our class is closed for modification and open for extension which means that not only we won't have to add any more methods nor even touch our Chef class in the future but in addition to this when a new instruction is needed all we have to do is extend the SteakCookingInstruction class we created with this new instruction and the prepare method will handle it automatically Now because of our design, this chef apparently skyrocketed and decided to open a new branch for the restaurant So every time a new customer enters the restaurant the chef goes ahead and informs them of the opening date and details for the new branch but do you think that is the best approach to deal with such a scenario?
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Don't you think that instead of waiting for people to come in the chef should have instead messaged all his customers the details about the opening or even posted on social media and those interested would have showed up wouldn't his reach be far larger? In both previous scenarios the solutions I suggested hint at a specific pattern this pattern will not actually solve our problem and generate magically ready code for us but rather it will give us a description or template to follow a way of thinking that will help us solve these problems like a series of formalized best practices, steps that programmers have followed and used to solve common problems like the one we just encountered. Design Patterns best became known from the design patterns book by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides often referred to as the Gang of Four book published in the mid 90s.
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Now, this book details 23 design patterns which were split into three groups: Creational Patterns, Structural Patterns, and Behavioral Patterns.
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Creational patterns deal with the creation of objects Instead of you instantiating all objects very specifically and explicitly they give you more flexibility in how the objects are actually created Let's suppose that we have a class with 10 attributes but not every time we create an object based on this class we need to specify all 10 attributes sometimes you only need one, in other cases three or two, and sometimes eight or nine, in such cases we are left with two solutions and not quite the best out there: either to create a lot, like a lot, of overloaded constructors for our class or create one constructor that takes all arguments but then we will need to pass as null values the ones we don't require upon creation of our objects Well, design patterns will tell you wait, you have a third option follow the template provided by the Builder Pattern, a template widely used and tested by many developers out there Well if I were in your shoes I'd pick this last option.
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Structural patterns deal with how classes are actually designed with how things like inheritance and composition and aggregation can be used to provide extra functionality Let's consider that in our application we are storing book objects and these books well there's too many of them, like in the hundred thousand books of a library, or the books in all of amazon online store, and for some reason we need to represent each book by an object You see in this case we will have a bunch of book objects that will share the same attributes and by bunch I mean in the thousands which will have the same author, the same amazon physical storage location, same places it can be delivered to, same provider, etc. you got the idea and maybe the only attribute that will defer is the title itself and the price in some cases So why create for each book an object and consume all this amount of memory while at the same time if we follow the template specified by the Flyweight Pattern we will be able to minimize memory usage by sharing as much data as possible between our similar objects You see that is what design patterns are trying to do they are trying to provide us with a schema, a step-by-step definition or template to help us overcome development or architectural problems that others have faced before us.
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Finally, Behavioral patterns are specifically concerned with communication and assignment of responsibilities between objects as the program is running The two examples we gave at the beginning of our video can actually be solved using two different behavioral patterns one of them being the Strategy pattern Let's take a second example and suppose we realized that the state of an object in our application will be changed by a lot of other objects but we need to be able to undo the last change Well this can be done in many different ways and you are free to use any of them but there is a Memento design pattern that describes a simple proven approach. So to sum up, design patterns will speed up your development process by providing tested and proven development models At first you may not notice that you require the use of this pattern here or there or you may make use of it without even knowing but with time practice and hopefully with the help of our videos you will! So that's it for this video, I hope it was helpful, thank you guys for watching, take care and I will see you in the next one!
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “What are Design Patterns?”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: pattern, object, design, steak, chef. Questo video contiene 11 frasi e 1284 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:17. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 176 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 85% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare. 7 delle sue 11 frasi sono domande: un buon esercizio per l’intonazione interrogativa e le risposte brevi.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| steak sostantivo | /steɪk/ | bistecca |
| template sostantivo | /ˈtɛm.plɪt/ | mascherina, sagoma |
| attribute sostantivo | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | attributo, caratteristica |
| behavioral aggettivo | /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/ | comportamentale |
| overload verbo | /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/ | sovraccaricare |
| specify verbo | /ˈspɛs.əˌfaɪ/ | specificare |
| magically avverbio | /ˈmæd͡ʒ.ɪ.kli/ | magicamente |
| skyrocket verbo | /ˈskaɪˌɹɒk.ɪt/ | andare alle stelle, balzare alle stelle |
| inherit verbo | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | ereditare |
| programmer sostantivo | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | programmatore, programmatrice |
| undo verbo | /ʌnˈduː/ | annullare, disfare |
| geek sostantivo | /ɡiːk/ | maniaco |
| functionality sostantivo | funzionalità | |
| minimize verbo | /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/ | minimizzare |
| inheritance sostantivo | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/ | eredità |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | procedere, andare avanti |
| speed up verbo | /spiːdˈʌp/ | stringere i tempi |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Frasi condizionali if + frase, will/would + verbo — una condizione e il suo risultato | if I were in your shoes I'd pick |
| “Used to” used to + verbo — un’abitudine o uno stato passato che non è più vero | used to solve |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | will be answered · is closed · were split |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have heard · have followed · have faced |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 8 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, I'd, isn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, instantiate /ɪnˈstænʃieɪt/, modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, architectural /ˌɑɹkɪˈtɛkt͡ʃəɹəl/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, hint /hɪnt/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: steak /steɪk/, template /ˈtɛm.plɪt/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, overload /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/, formalize /ˈfɔɹ.məlaɪːz/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, aggregation /æɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, instantiate /ɪnˈstænʃieɪt/, magically /ˈmæd͡ʒ.ɪ.kli/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come steak, template, attribute.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.