Pratica di Shadowing: Network Devices - Hosts, IP Addresses, Networks - Networking Fundamentals - Lesson 1a - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Hello, welcome to the first lesson in the first module of my new course on networking fundamentals.
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In this module, we'll be exploring how data flows through the Internet.
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Crucial to that is understanding the various devices which are involved to make that possible.
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In this lesson, we'll be exploring these various devices and the related concepts.
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We'll be doing this in two parts.
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In this video, we'll unpack hosts, IP addresses, and networks, And in the next video, we'll explore these devices.
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And let's just jump right into it by defining our first term.
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Host.
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Hosts are any device which sends or receive traffic.
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For example, your computer is a host, your laptop, your phone, your printer, your servers, those are all considered hosts.
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But we're also in the cloud days, which means there's many cloud resources that can also be considered as host.
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Cloud servers for example.
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Moreover, we're also in the Internet of Things days, which means anything you have at your house that sends
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or receive traffic is also considered a host that smart TV you stream to, those speakers that are all synchronized with each other, smart watches, your thermometer that you can control remotely,
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that refrigerator that reminds you when you're out of milk, All those devices are sending and receiving traffic and therefore can be considered as hosts.
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Why this is important is because all these devices follow the same rules for how they communicate to the Internet.
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Later in this module, we'll be looking at everything a host does when sending or receiving data from the Internet.
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In doing so, we'll actually be explaining how all these devices communicate with the Internet.
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Hosts typically fall in one of two categories: clients or servers.
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Clients are the hosts that are initiating the request and servers are the hosts that are responding to requests.
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For example, let's just say this is the web server for the website www .Site .com.
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Well, when this computer over here is making a request to ask for the website site .com, it's initiating a request and therefore it is considered the client.
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When the web server site .com is providing the content for site .com, it's responding to the request therefore it is considered the server.
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Keep in mind, however, the terms client and server are relative to a specific communication.
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Meaning.
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At some point, this web server is going to have to update its files from a file server or a database server.
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Well, for that, the web server has to make a request to the file server to ask for new files.
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In that communication, the web server is the client and the file server is the server.
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we can take it a step further.
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This file server at some point might need to run some sort of software update.
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Well, when it's making the request to the update server to download the new software, it's acting as the client.
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And when the update server is providing the updates back to the file server, it's acting as the server.
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So the terms client -server are specific to the communication that is occurring.
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Now we've been calling this a web server, but I want to clearly define what that is.
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A server is nothing more than a computer with software installed which knows how to respond to specific requests.
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This guy right here is really just a computer that has software installed that knows how to serve web pages.
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You can turn any device into a web server by simply installing the proper web server software.
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It's the same way with the file server and the update server we discussed a second ago.
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In the end, they are merely computers with software that knows how to provide files or provide updates.
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Each server you encounter is simply a computer responding to requests.
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That wraps up our discussion on hosts.
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Next, we want to define IP addresses.
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IP addresses are the identity of each host, and every single host must have an IP address if it means to communicate on the Internet.
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Just like you need a phone number in order to send or receive phone calls, or you need a mailing address in order to send and receive mail,
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You need an IP address in order to send or receive packets on a network.
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This is what the IP address is.
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It is the identity of every single host.
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Now, these IP addresses are actually going to be stamped on everything that each host sends.
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For example, when this client over here makes a web request to site .com, On this packet, which includes what web page it is asking for,
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the client is going to stamp the source and destination IP addresses.
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The source IP address is going to be the client's IP address
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and the destination IP address is going to be the server's IP address.
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In the same way, when the server responds by providing the web page, it's also going to stamp the source and destination IP addresses for that communication.
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Here, the source IP address will be the server, and then the destination IP address will be the client.
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Everything sent on the Internet is going to have this source and destination IP address.
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Now, an IP address itself is really just 32 bits.
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A bit is a 1 or a 0
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which means every single IP address is really just a different combination of 32 ones and zeros.
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What we do is we take those 32 bits and break them up into four chunks, which we call octets.
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and we convert each of those octets into a decimal number.
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This is how we get to what we know of as an IP address.
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The smallest binary number you can get with 8 bits is 0, and the largest binary number you can get with 8 bits is 255.
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That's why every IP address you come across is going to be 4 .0 instances of the numbers 0 through 255.
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Now in this module we're not going to be exploring binary.
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We've already created some videos that discuss binary.
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If you're interested in learning about binary and how this conversion happens, please check out those videos.
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There'll be a link in the description.
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Either way, that is what an IP address is.
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Thank you.
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Now these IP addresses are typically assigned in some sort of hierarchy, so let me explain that.
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Imagine this is the Acme Corporation and the Acme Corporation owns every IP address that starts with 10 .anything.
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Well, maybe the Acme Corporation has three different offices one in New York, one in London, and one in Tokyo.
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and each of those officers is going to have a subset of the ACME Corporation IP space.
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New York might have everything that starts with 10 .20.
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London might have everything that starts with 10, not 30.
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and Tokyo might have everything that starts with 10 .40.
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Moreover, the New York office might have a few different teams.
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For instance, they might have a sales team, an engineering team, and a marketing team.
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and each of those teams would have their own dedicated IP address space.
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Sales team could have everything that starts with 10, 20, 55.
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The engineering team would have everything that starts with 1020 .66, and marketing would have 1020 .77.
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The London and Tokyo offices probably have those same teams as well.
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But each of their IP address space is going to start with the prefix for that particular location.
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This allows the IP address to sort of pinpoint where a particular host exists.
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For example, if we had the IP address 10 .30 .55 .127,
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That ipodorus is the identity of a host that sits in the ACME corporation in the London office, on the sales team.
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Now this breaking up of IP addresses into their different hierarchies is done through a process known as subnetting.
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In this module we're not going to be covering subdenning, but we've already created some videos discussing how subdenning works, If you're interested in learning sub -deading, please check out those videos.
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There will be a link in the description.
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For us, we're going to continue with our exploration of network devices.
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All of the hosts
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that sit inside each of these teams at each of these offices exist in what is known as a network.
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A network is what actually does the transportation of traffic between hosts.
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In its simplest form, anytime you connect two hosts, you have a network.
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If you plug these hosts directly into each other, you have a network.
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Before networks, in order to move data from this computer to this computer, you would literally have to walk up to this computer Plug in a disk.
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Download some files, then walk over to the other computer, plug in that same disk, and upload those files.
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Networking and networks are what automated that process.
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They allowed these computers to share data with each other automatically.
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Now if you take a step back, a network is really just a logical grouping of hosts which require similar connectivity.
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So let me explain that.
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At your house, you probably have some sort of home Wi -Fi network.
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on that network you've got your computer your printer laptops phones a bunch of different devices which all have similar connectivity profiles,
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meaning they just use the internet or check email or something along those lines.
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Well, down the street from you there might be a coffee shop that provides Wi -Fi for its tenants.
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and that coffee shop is going to have various customers that have various mobile devices that are all connecting to the Internet.
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Well these devices all have similar connectivity profiles, they just need access to the Internet.
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But since they're coming from a different location as these devices, they are grouped into two separate networks.
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Now networks can also contain other networks.
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For example, you probably have a school not too far from where you live.
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and that school has its own network.
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Thank you.
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But within that school are a bunch of classrooms, and it's very possible that inside each of those classrooms
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All the hosts in each classroom are grouped up into their own network.
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Now these networks within other networks are sometimes referred to as subnetworks or subnets.
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and this is a very common occurrence on the Internet.
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In fact, that illustration we just did with the ACME Corporation with the three offices
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and the three different teams in each of these offices
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while the office location is a subnet of the Acme Corporation IP space.
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and the specific teams are a subnet of the New York IP space.
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So you can have networks within networks within networks.
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Either way, all these networks then connect to each other.
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For example, you might be sitting at your house
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and might want to do some sort of working from home and be able to access the office networks.
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Or possibly you're studying from a coffee shop and you might want to access school resources.
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Well, instead of having each of these networks connect directly to each other in every possible combination, Instead, all those networks are connected to a central resource.
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namely the internet.
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In fact, what we know of as the Internet is simply a bunch of interconnected networks.
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That's all the Internet is.
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It's just a bunch of company networks connected to a bunch of school networks connected to a bunch of customer networks.
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Of course, what handles those connections are often the Internet Service Providers or the ISPs, but that goes a little bit deeper than we want to get at this point.
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Either way, that wraps up our discussion on hosts, IP addresses, and networks.
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In part two, we'll continue our discussion by unpacking repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and routers.
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The key takeaway from this lesson is understanding what hosts are, understanding the designations client and server, understanding what IP addresses are and their hierarchical nature,
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and understanding what a network is, specifically that it is a logical grouping of related hosts which require similar connectivity.
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I hope you enjoyed this lesson.
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I want to thank you for watching and we'll see you in the next one.
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Hey YouTube, I hope you enjoyed that free lesson from my new course on networking fundamentals.
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I'll be releasing the entire first module for free on YouTube.
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I want this course to be the ultimate networking fundamentals course.
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And since I'm still scoping out the outline for the rest of the course, you can have a say in what topics will be covered.
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Let me know in the comments below what subjects you want included in this course.
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Otherwise, remember to like and subscribe and click the notification bell so you know when the next lesson releases.
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And of course, if you enjoyed this lesson, the best way to say thanks is to share this video with your friends.
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I hope you enjoyed this lesson, and I want to thank you for watching.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “Network Devices - Hosts, IP Addresses, Networks - Networking Fundamentals - Lesson 1a”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: server, network, host, address, internet. Questo video contiene 145 frasi e 2156 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 11:29. Chi parla va veloce, circa 188 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Solo il 81% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| binary aggettivo | /ˈbaɪ.nə.ɹi/ | binario |
| subnet sostantivo | sottorete | |
| connectivity sostantivo | connettività | |
| octet sostantivo | /ɒkˈtɛt/ | ottetto |
| unpack verbo | /ʌnˈpæk/ | sballare, disimballare |
| initiate verbo | /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/ | iniziare |
| packet sostantivo | /ˈpæk.ɪt/ | pacchetto, pacco |
| hierarchy sostantivo | /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/ | gerarchia |
| printer sostantivo | /ˈpɹɪntɚ/ | stampante |
| disk sostantivo | /dɪsk/ | disco |
| automate verbo | /ˈɔ.təˌmeɪt/ | automaticizzare |
| decimal sostantivo | /ˈdɛs.ɪ.məl/ | decimale |
| hierarchical aggettivo | /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/ | gerarchico |
| prefix sostantivo | /ˈpɹiːfɪks/ | prefisso |
| repeater sostantivo | /ɹɪˈpiːtə(ɹ)/ | ripetente |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | investigare |
| wrap up verbo | imballare, impacchettare |
| come across verbo | dare l'impressione, avere l'aria |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | are involved · be considered · is also considered |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | devices which are · days, which means |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | We've already created |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 26 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we'll, we're, you're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, designation /dɛzɪɡˈneɪʃən/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/, interconnect /ˌɪn.tə.kəˈnɛkt/, thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈɹɑːkɪkəl/, hub /hʌb/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: octet /ɒkˈtɛt/, unpack /ʌnˈpæk/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, packet /ˈpæk.ɪt/, disk /dɪsk/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: unpack /ʌnˈpæk/, packet /ˈpæk.ɪt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come binary, subnet, connectivity.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.