Pratica di Shadowing: NEW- Micro Unit 1 Summary- Basic Economic Concepts - Impara a parlare inglese con i video

Hey, Econ students!

This is Jacob Clifford.

Welcome to the Microeconomics Unit 1 Summary Video.

In these summary videos, I quickly explain all the concepts you need for your next quiz, unit exam, or your final exam.

Basically, everything you need to get an A in your class.

But I'm gonna be going quick.

I am gonna be using the AP curriculum, but that's pretty much the same as any introductory Microeconomics course.

So if you're a first-year college student or you're preparing for the A-level or CLEP exam, it's all the same stuff.

This video covers Unit 1 Basic Economic Concepts.

Now before we get started, let's do a quick activity.

I want you to make a fist with your right hand.

I want you to put your thumb out and put your pinky out.

So just like this.

Here we go.

This is round one.

Okay, you got it?

All right, here comes round two.

Same thing on both hands.

Thumbs out, pinky's out.

Try this.

See how you do.

Here comes round three.

I want thumb out, pinky out.

Thumbs out, pinky out. Do this.

Now there's two reasons why we did that activity.

The first is this is a great analogy for what you're going to see in an economics class.

Some concepts are super easy, like the definition of scarcity.

Duh, I get it.

It's easy.

And eventually things get a little harder, like drawing the production possibly's curve or supply and demand, but they're still pretty easy.

But then things are going to get a lot harder, like figuring out comparative advantage or terms of trade.

That stuff is harder and you're going to feel confused.

There's concepts in this class that I'm going to do fast, but you got to slow down and you got to practice and it's okay to make mistakes.

You just got to keep doing it until you're like, yeah, okay, I got it.

Trust me.

It's not enough just to watch me draw the graphs and do the calculations.

You're going to have to practice.

You're going to have to do it yourself.

Now, the second reason we're doing this activity is I wanted to find out if you're willing to participate.

If I had you do this and you didn't do anything round two, you didn't do anything round three, you're just sitting there with your hands not moving, you're probably setting yourself up for failure.

If you're not participating, then you're definitely not going to get the most out of these videos.

Because every once in a while, I'm going to say, stop this video, I want you to draw this graph, or do those calculations.

And I promise you, I'm not wasting your time.

I know the questions your teacher professor is going to ask you.

So when I ask you to stop and practice, go ahead and try those things because that's what you're going to see on your next exam.

And that's also why I create a study guide that goes along with this video.

The Unit 1 study guide is inside my Ultimate Review Packet

and it's free just sign up for the free preview the link is in the description below

and i just uploaded a new study guide

so make sure you have the most updated version

so here we go pause this video go download

and print the unit one study guide have it ready to go

and start the video back up again okay here we go

you've got your study guide your video you got your energy

and excitement let's jump into it let's learn some economics Let's start with a quick overview.

There's five big picture concepts that you need to know in microeconomics unit one.

Number one, economics focuses on scarcity and how it requires individuals, businesses, and governments to make choices.

Number two, society's economic system determines what will be produced, how it will be produced, and how it will be allocated.

Number three, the production possibilities curve shows the different combinations of two goods

that can be produced using all a country's resources to the fullest.

Number four, countries that have a comparative advantage can specialize in the production of specific goods

and trade with other countries at a lower opportunity cost than if they produce everything on their own.

And number five, marginal analysis involves weighing the additional benefits and the additional costs of any decision.

Now that was the big picture.

Now let's jump into specific topics.

Every economics class starts by looking at scarcity, the idea that we have unlimited wants but limited resources, which means we're forced to make choices.

For example, you have to decide who you want to take out on a date on Friday night.

Because you definitely can't take two people out.

And businesses have to decide how many units to produce or how many workers to hire.

And governments need to decide how many public services to provide

or what policies are best to fight inflation or to promote growth.

So when you boil it down, economics is a study of choices and decision-making.

So that's why you're taking this class.

Learning economics is going to make you a better decision-maker.

Just look at the highest paid college majors.

Most of the ones at the top are in STEM.

but take a look right here, economics.

Oh yeah.

When I talk about limited resources, a lot of students assume I'm talking about money, but money is not a resource.

Yes, we use money to make transactions, but it's not a resource because you can't produce anything with it.

Instead, your teacher professor is going to talk about the four factors of production, the four things we need to produce stuff, land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Land is anything from Mother Nature like water, minerals, crude oil, or sunlight.

Labor is obviously the work that humans do everything you did during your summer job.

For capital, there's two types.

There's physical capital and human capital.

Physical capital are things like tools, machines, and factories used to produce stuff.

Human capital is the knowledge, experience, and training that makes workers more productive.

By the way, that's another reason why you're taking economics.

You're trying to increase your human capital, making yourself more productive and more valuable to employers.

And the last factor is entrepreneurship.

The person that brings together all the other resources, starts the business, and takes the risk.

Another thing your teacher professor might talk about early on is is the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Macro looks at things like growth, unemployment, inflation, and different policies to speed up or slow down the economy.

We are strongly committed to returning inflation to our 2% goal.

Microeconomics is a study of small economic units and looks at the decisions of individuals and firms.

Things like the cost of production, the different kinds of markets, and the effect of government regulations like minimum wage.

Fast food workers across our state getting a big raise starting today, their minimum wage going up to $20 an hour.

That's what you're gonna learn in this class.

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This is microeconomics.

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Okay, that's it for topic 1.1.

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I know it was super easy.

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Go ahead and take out your study guide, fill out that section for 1.1.

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In topic 1.2, you'll learn about the three economic systems, the three ways to organize and distribute society's scarce resources.

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There are command economies, free market economies, and mixed economies.

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A command economy, or centrally planned economy, is where the government owns the factors of production and decides what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it.

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Since government bureaucrats make the decisions, the disadvantage is that individuals often have fewer freedoms and are told where to work and where to live.

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But the advantage of central planning is that it often reduces unemployment, limits income inequality, and prioritizes social welfare instead of profit.

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Now, in a free market, profit is everything.

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Privately-owned businesses produce goods and services and compete with each other to earn your money, to earn profit.

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Your textbook calls this the profit motive.

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A famous quote by Adam Smith, the father of economics, explains it best.

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It's not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but it's from their regard to their own self-interest.

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This is the miracle of markets, what's often called the invisible hand.

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As individuals pursue their own self-interest, they inadvertently help society as a whole.

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Think of it this way, a business can't earn profit and make themselves better off without making the customer better off.

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That and competition between businesses results in higher quality products at a lower price.

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But there are disadvantages.

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For example, the free market doesn't provide public goods and services.

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There's no profit in providing a public park or free public education, so the free market won't produce those goods and services.

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Also, a free market might have more income inequality with a larger gap between the rich and the poor.

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And that's why most countries have adopted a mixed economy where individuals own the factors of production, but the government plays a part in regulating monopolies,

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providing public goods and services, and redistributing income.

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They want the innovation and growth that comes with free market capitalism and the social welfare that comes with some central planning.

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Now that's all I'm going to say about the economic systems.

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If you want to learn more, take a look at the video I made with the Crash Course folks, or take a look at the video where I went to China and that lady was checking me out.

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Did you notice that lady checked me out?

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That means that it has a special government system that allows...

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So that's it for this topic.

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Again, it's super easy, so fill out section 1.2 on your study guide.

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In topic 1.3, you're introduced to a concept you're going to use for the rest of your life.

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The idea of opportunity cost.

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Because of scarcity, we're forced to make choices, and every choice has a cost.

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An opportunity cost.

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It's the cost of the next best alternative.

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The thing that you would have done if you didn't make that choice.

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For example, the cost of going to the movies tonight is not just the price of the ticket, it's also the time you could have spent studying for your economics class

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or the money you could have earned by spending that time babysitting instead.

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So individuals, businesses, and the government all make decisions by factoring in their opportunity cost, the thing they're giving up.

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And this is when you see the very first graph you see in an econ class, the production possibilities curve.

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Your teacher might call it the production possibilities frontier, but it's the same thing.

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It's a model that shows the alternative ways we can use our scarce resources to produce only two goods.

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It usually starts off with a chart like this showing the different combinations of two goods that can be produced

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using all of our resources.

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When you plot these combinations, you get the production possibilities curve, the PPC.

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Now, there are three things that your teacher or professor is gonna have you do with this graph.

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First, they're gonna ask questions, have you explain how this graph demonstrates different economic concepts like efficiency.

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Any point inside the curve is inefficient because we're not using our resources to the fullest.

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Any point on the curve is efficient.

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Any point outside the curve is impossible or unattainable because we don't have enough resources.

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Second, your teacher will ask you to use the PPC to calculate the opportunity cost of moving to different combinations.

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For example, the opportunity cost of moving from combination B to combination C is three bikes.

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And the opportunity cost of moving from combination E to combination D is two computers.

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The third thing your teacher will have you do is show how changes move or shift the PPC.

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For example, let's practice.

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Here's a PPC showing the different combinations of pizza and computers that can be produced in your hometown.

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Show what happens on this graph if people decide to eat healthier and want less pizza.

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Be sure to pause this video and see if you can figure it out.

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Now you might be thinking people want less pizza, so the curve's gonna shift inward for pizza.

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But that's not what's gonna happen.

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What is gonna happen is this.

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People want less pizza, so we're gonna decrease the amount of resources allocated towards pizza and move them towards producing computers.

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Think about it.

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We don't have fewer pizza ovens or less cooks.

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The amount of pizza we can produce hasn't changed.

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We're just changing the combination.

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There's one last thing that you have to know about the PPC, and it has to do with the shape.

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You're likely to see two different types of PPCs, ones that have a boat-out curve and ones that have a straight line.

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A boat-out PPC shows the idea of increasing opportunity cost.

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As more of one product is produced, the opportunity cost gets bigger.

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In other words, when you produce one good, you have to give up more and more of the other good

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because the resources to produce both goods are not very similar.

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For an example, let's use corn and cars.

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If we're right here and only producing corn, then all of our workers are making corn, including engineers that are better suited towards making cars.

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When we produce our first few cars, the amount of corn given up is not very high

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because we're just moving engineers out of the farms and into the factories.

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But as you keep doing this, producing more and more cars, eventually you need to start moving the farmers out of the farms and into the factories, and you're going to lose a lot of corn.

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This is the law of increasing opportunity cost.

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Again, it happens when the two products have totally different resources and results in a bowed-out PPC.

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A straight-line PPC means the opportunity cost is constant.

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This happens when the resources that produced the two different goods are very similar.

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For example, plastic forks and plastic spoons.

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Producing more forks doesn't result in the loss of more and more spoons because it requires the same types of resources.

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Now remember, this is a summary video and I'm going pretty quick on purpose.

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So if you need more help with the PPC, take a look at my videos on YouTube.

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But if you can answer the questions on your study guide, then you totally understand it and you're ready to move forward.

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So pause this video and fill out that section.

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Let's see how you do.

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Okay, by far the hardest topic in this entire unit is right here.

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We're talking about comparative advantage.

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It's not that hard, Scott.

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Tell him, watch.

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It's incredibly hard.

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The general idea is really simple.

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Countries have different climates and different resources, so they can specialize in one thing and trade with other countries that specialize in producing something else.

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So the concept is easy, but the questions you're going to see on your exam, those are hard.

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Your teacher professor is going to give you a question like this with two countries, two products, and numbers.

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In this case, the number of cars or planes the U.S and Canada can make in one day.

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The country's products and numbers might change, but you'll always be asked four different types of questions.

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Number one, identify which country has an absolute advantage for each good.

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Number two, calculate the opportunity cost for each country.

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Number three, identify which country has a comparative advantage in which good.

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And number four, identify a terms of trade that is mutually beneficial for both countries.

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That's it.

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If you can do these four things, then you are ready for any question your teacher professor is going to give you.

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I have a bunch of videos on YouTube that explain these concepts and let you practice, but right now, let's practice these four skills.

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So pause the video, here's four questions.

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Good luck.

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Okay, how'd you do?

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Did you do well?

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I hope so.

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Let's go over the answers.

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A country has an absolute advantage if they're better at producing a product than another country.

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So all you have to do is look at the raw number.

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The U.S can produce five planes and Canada can only produce two planes.

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So the United States has an absolute advantage in the production of planes.

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And the U.S also has an absolute advantage in the production of cars because they can produce more than Canada.

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So the answer to question one is no, Canada does not have an absolute advantage in cars because they produce less than the United States.

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Again, it's super easy.

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Next, it's time to calculate opportunity costs, which is a little harder.

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For calculating opportunity costs, we know that when the U.S produces five planes, they can't produce 10 cars.

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But what's the cost of producing only one plane?

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To figure that out, you need the equation for per unit opportunity cost.

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It's the number of units given up divided by the number of units gained.

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So for question two, if five planes cost the U.S ten cars, then the opportunity cost of one plane is two cars.

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And you can flip that to get the opportunity cost for one car.

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If ten cars cost the U.S five planes, then the opportunity cost for one car is a half a plane.

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Again, what you're calculating is called per unit opportunity cost.

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Now let's go do the same thing for Canada.

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For Canada, each car costs one-fourth a plane, and each plane costs four cars.

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By the way, notice they're always a reciprocal.

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If one's four, the other one's going to be one-fourth.

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If one's ten, the other one's going to be one-tenth.

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Okay, now we have enough information to answer question three and find the comparative advantage.

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Just ask yourself who should produce planes?

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The country that gives up two cars or the country that gives up four cars?

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Obviously, it's better to give up less.

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So the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of planes because they have a lower opportunity cost.

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And Canada has a comparative advantage in cars.

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One car costs Canada only one-fourth a plane, but it costs the United States one-half a plane.

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So with these numbers, Canada should specialize in producing the cars, and the United States should specialize in producing planes.

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But we're not done.

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The last step is by far the hardest.

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It's finding the terms of trade.

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We know that each country should specialize and produce only one thing, but how many cars should Canada trade for how many planes?

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The quick answer is that both countries will be willing to trade

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if and only if they can get the other product at a lower opportunity cost than if they produced it themselves.

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For example, we know that Canada should specialize in cars, and if they did make planes, it will cost them four cars for each plane.

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But if they could trade three cars for one plane, they'd be better off.

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They could specialize in producing cars and trade with the United States

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and get planes at a lower opportunity cost than if they made planes themselves.

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And it's the same idea for the United States.

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We know they should specialize in planes, and if they made one car, it'll cost them one half a plane given up.

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So if the United States can get one car for anything less than one half a plane, then they're better off.

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With trade, they can be getting cars at a lower opportunity cost than if they produced them themselves.

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So to answer question four, trading one plane for three cars would be mutually beneficial.

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It would benefit both countries.

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Because Canada can get a plane by only giving up three cars instead of four, and the United States can get a car by giving up

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only a third of a plane instead of giving up one half.

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That was a lot.

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I'm telling you, this is by far the hardest topic.

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So here's a video of a puppy running to help you unwind.

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Now, hopefully you understood all of that, but we're not done.

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There's actually two different types of compared advantage questions.

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The one you saw was an output question.

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Now we also have to talk about input questions.

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It's very likely that you'll see both types on your next quiz or exam.

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Now watch carefully.

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I'm going to convert this output question that I just gave you into an input question.

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So here we go right now.

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Notice the country's products and the numbers are the same.

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The only difference is what those numbers mean.

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Now they represent hours.

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Look at the top of the chart.

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It says this chart shows the number of hours it takes each country to produce one car or one plane.

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So in an output question, and those numbers represent the number of cars and planes produced, now we're looking at the hours to produce only one.

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So now who has an absolute advantage in the production of cars?

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Well, now it's Canada because it only takes them eight hours to produce one car, and it takes the US 10 hours to produce one car.

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Now this also changes how you calculate per unit opportunity cost.

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If the US takes 10 hours to produce a car and five hours to produce a plane, then the opportunity cost of one car is two planes.

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So when it comes to input questions, The opportunity cost is actually the reciprocal, or it's flipped, compared to output questions.

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Now, after that, you just do exactly what you did before.

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Who should specialize in cars?

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Well, the United States, because they only give up two planes, and Canada gives up four planes.

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The U.S has a lower opportunity cost.

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And Canada should specialize in planes, because each plane costs them one-fourth a car.

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For the United States, it's one-half a car.

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And trading one car for three planes is a mutually beneficial terms of trade.

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Now, I know I went over that last part fast, but that's on purpose.

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Remember, this is a summary video.

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I have more videos on YouTube.

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If you're still lost a little bit, go back and watch my practice videos or my hacks video.

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They'll give you tons of tips and strategies to make sure that you're getting it.

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You're going to find out right now if you know how to do this.

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Take out your study guide.

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I have two sets of questions for you.

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The ones on the left are output questions.

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The one on the right, those are input questions.

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So right now, pause this video.

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Good luck.

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In topic 1.5, we dive deeper into the skill of thinking like an economist.

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So here's a question for you.

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How much does it cost to watch a YouTube video?

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Before you enrolled in this class, you probably say there is no cost, it's free.

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But now, you know better.

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The cost of watching a YouTube video is the time you could have spent playing video games, or cleaning your bedroom, or looking for a part-time job.

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Or it's just a different video that you could have been watching instead.

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Those are all trade-offs, the things that you could have done.

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Your opportunity cost is the one thing you would have done instead.

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Again, it's the next best alternative.

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So watching a YouTube video isn't free.

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There's still a cost, your opportunity cost.

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Economists differentiate between two types of costs, explicit costs and implicit costs.

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Explicit costs are those traditional out-of-pocket costs associated with making a decision.

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It's the cost of the movie ticket when you go to the movies.

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Implicit costs are those behind-the-scenes opportunity costs when you make a decision.

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It's the value of your foregone time or your foregone wage when you go to the movies.

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These costs are totally subjective and hard to quantify, but they're just as important when it comes to decision making.

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Now, I talk more about cost benefit analysis in a video on YouTube.

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If you haven't seen it, take a look because I bet it covers your opportunity cost.

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I know this is super easy.

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We're just introducing the concept here in unit one.

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We're going to come back to it in unit three when we calculate revenue and profit.

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For now, just understanding the basics is enough, so fill out topic 1.5 on your study guide.

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If there's only one skill that you need to master in microeconomics,

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it's the idea of marginal analysis.

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It's making decisions by looking at the additional benefit

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and the additional cost

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so just remember marginal means additional let me explain with a

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super simple example let's say you're deciding on how many times

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you want to see the same movie the marginal benefit of

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seeing the movie the first time is thirty dollars the marginal benefit of the second time is fifteen dollars

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and the marginal benefit of the third time is five dollars

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so the total benefit is fifty dollars assume the cost of

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going to the movies is twelve dollars the total cost of

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going three times is thirty six dollars the question is how many times should you watch the movie and why.

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Notice the total benefit is greater than the total cost but you wouldn't go see the movie three times.

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You would definitely go the first time because the additional benefit is $30 and the additional cost is $12.

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You'd also go the second time because the additional benefit is $15 and the additional cost is $12.

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But you wouldn't go the third time because the additional benefit is only five and the additional cost is 12.

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This is the idea of marginal analysis.

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When you make decisions, you don't look at the total benefit and the total cost.

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You look at the additional benefit and the additional cost.

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Now, I know you might be thinking, man, this is super unrealistic.

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No one does these calculations before they go to the movies.

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True, no one really writes this out, but economists argue that you do these calculations in the back of your brain all the time.

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Even right now, in the back of your brain, you've been calculating the additional benefit from an additional minute of studying economics and weighing that against the additional cost.

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Now there's something else I wanna point out about our movie example.

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Notice the additional benefit of going to the same movie over and over again is going down.

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This is because of the law of diminishing marginal utility.

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The law states that as you consume anything, the additional satisfaction or joy you get from it will eventually decrease.

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Your marginal utility or satisfaction can go up like those first few French fries you eat,

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but eventually the additional satisfaction you get from each additional fry is going to fall you're gonna get less

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and less marginal utility.

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In the movie example, we measured your benefit in dollars, but usually we use something else, it's called utils.

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Think of utils as like happiness points, a way to quantify utility.

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This is worth the least 50 utils.

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One of the things you're probably gonna have to do in your next quiz

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or unit exam is called utility maximizing and consumer choice.

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It involves making decisions by calculating margin utility per dollar.

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For example, suppose you're deciding to go on vacation in Tahiti or San Diego.

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Going to Tahiti gives you 10,000 utils, and going to San Diego gives you 2,000 utils.

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Now, obviously you prefer Tahiti, but that doesn't mean you choose that option.

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You also have to look at the cost.

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If the price of going to Tahiti is $10,000 and the price of going to San Diego is $1,000, then you should actually pick San Diego because you get more utility per dollar.

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So what does this look like on an exam?

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Let's do a practice question.

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The table below shows Ben's total utility from consuming different amounts of French fries and shakes.

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The price of a bag of French fries is $2, and the price of a shake is $3.

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Fill out the blanks in the chart and answer these questions.

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Pause the video.

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Good luck.

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How did you do?

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Did you get it?

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Let's find out.

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The margin utility is the change in total utility divided by the change in quantity.

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Now, since the change in quantity is just one, then it's just the change in the total utility.

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So for French fries, it's 12 utils, 8 utils, 6, 4, and 2.

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Notice it's falling because of the law of diminishing margin utility.

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For shakes, the margin utility is 24 utils, 18, 12, 9, and 6.

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Again, this is the additional satisfaction that Ben gets from consuming different quantities of each good.

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So to answer question one, Ben's margin utility for consuming the third shake is 12 utils.

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For question two, Ben's total utility for consuming two bags of French fries and three shakes is 74 utils.

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He gets a total of 20 from the fries and 54 from the shakes.

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For question three, we have to fill out that last column and calculate margin utility per dollar.

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This puts everything in like terms so we can compare apples to oranges, or in this case, fries to shakes.

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Fries are $2 each, so the margin utility per dollar is 6 utils, 4, 3, 2, and 1.

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Shakes are $3 each, so the margin utility per dollar is 8 utils, 6 utils, 4, 3, and 2.

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The final step is to use marginal analysis and find out how many of each good Ben should buy.

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The first shake gives the most margin utility per dollar, so he's definitely going to buy that first.

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Next, he's going to buy the first bag of french fries and the second shake.

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Next, he's going to buy the second bag of french fries and the third shake.

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And since he still has money, he's going to buy the third bag of french fries and the fourth shake.

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Now he spent the whole $18.

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$6 on the french fries and $12 on shakes.

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The point of all this is that that combination of three fries and four shakes maximizes Ben's utility.

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With $18, there's no better combination that gives you more satisfaction.

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You used marginal analysis to make the best choice.

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To be more specific, what you used is the utility maximizing rule.

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It looks like an equation, but really it's a procedure.

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To maximize utility, calculate the margin utility of option A and divide that by the price.

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That gives you the margin utility per dollar.

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And do the same thing for option B.

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Calculate the margin utility and divide that by the price.

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If option A gives you more margin utility per dollar than you do it, but eventually that number is going to start to fall as you do it over and over again

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until the margin utility per dollar for option B is greater.

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If that happens, start doing option B instead.

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And for these questions, keep doing that over and over again until you run out of money.

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Now remember, this is only the first time we're going to use marginal analysis to make decisions.

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We're going to do variations of the same thing over and over again in future units.

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Whether it's a firm deciding how many units to produce or an employer deciding how many workers to hire, we're going to be using a lot of marginal analysis.

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Just remember, it's all about looking at the additional benefit and the additional cost.

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Okay, that's it for consumer choice and maximizing utility.

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Take out your study guide and fill out topic 1.6.

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Okay, now you're done with your study guide.

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So what are the next steps?

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The next thing you should do is the unit practice multiple choice questions I have in the ultimate review packet.

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And when you're ready, take a look at the unit one free responses inside the ultimate review packet.

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Try those questions on your own, then look at the answer key.

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And if you need more help, watch the video where I go over all the answers.

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Okay, that's it for microeconomics unit one.

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If this video helped you, please give it a like and leave a comment below and please consider subscribing.

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Thanks for watching.

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Until next time.

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This is worth at least 50 utles.

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.

Pratica di Shadowing: NEW- Micro Unit 1 Summary- Basic Economic Concepts - Impara a parlare inglese con i video

Informazioni su questa lezione

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?