Pratica di Shadowing: Next.js 16.3 got good (if you care) - Impara a parlare inglese con i video

So in the last two weeks, I was at Next.js Night London, and I was at Next.js Night in Amsterdam.

And at both of those events, I got to see members of the Vercel and Next.js team show off Next 16.3.

And admittedly, I hadn't looked at Next in quite a while.

I think my last real busy experience with Next was back in the day

when everything was cached and there was sort of nothing you could do about it.

But seeing how it's changed, and I saw the launch of cache components, I think, at last year's Next.js conference as well and seeing where the 16.3 preview is going.

It's really cool to see the emphasis on declarative cache controls over everything, which is excellent.

So you can be really specific about where you want that caching to be.

And also just to see how much dedication the team has to making sure that your application is fast.

And that's what the topic of my talk ended up being about.

I've been thinking a lot recently with my job at PlanetScale about reducing people's egress.

That is the amount of data that is being fetched from your database.

and I'll go through that in my talk, which I'm going to present here in this video.

But the reason I've titled this video what I have is like Next.js is back if you care, is that you need to have a degree of care to make sure that your application is really,

really great because the team building Next.js, it's very clear they desperately care about making sure your application loads really quickly

and it's as smooth and as good an experience as possible.

But while you've never been able to build apps faster than ever and you can build NextGest apps so quickly, you can build any kind of app so quickly now,

it's still not going to be excellent if you don't really care.

The agent's not going to care for you.

So it's about you knowing exactly what you want from your application and what is making it slow.

And if you don't know what's making it slow, I think that's probably what I'm most excited about with some of those updates.

And I want to show this off first.

This is the application that I chose to build for my talk at both of those nights.

And it's a NextGest application.

It's It's kind of like a block editor, like a rich text editing sort of experience like you'd have.

It's backed by Postgres database.

I've got a list of pages on the left-hand side that I'm working on, and I've got a title here and some blocks to be writing there.

But this insights thing, this was instant insights.

This is really cool to see is that if your app isn't as fast and as smooth as it could be, Next.js will now tell you in development mode, and that's really cool.

And there's all these different ways to copy prompts here to say, hey, would you rather stream this in and have a skeleton?

Or would you rather cache this if you know the parameters ahead of time?

Or are you just okay with this holding up rendering on the page?

And perhaps you can set a way to say, hey, ignore that.

And again, in a really declarative way, this is what I want my code to do.

And being declarative, a word I'm going to use a lot in this talk, as well as the word cache, definitely I'm going to wear that out.

It's good for a number of reasons.

It's good for you especially to know sort of what you want the code to do.

But it's good for agents as well the more hints

that you can leave through your code base of how you want things done, the better agents will work with that code.

And they'll continue to implement those patterns if they see why those things are implemented.

They'll only fetch the data that they need when they know what data the application uses.

So being very clear about your requirements has always been useful for humans.

It's especially useful for agents as well.

So without any further ado, I mean, what I'll do is I'll go back to cursor here and I'll put this code back in.

I had really optimized this app.

So I had thought before I built it.

And then I went to the first next year I was in Amsterdam and saw them show off these instant insights, upgraded to the preview and it spotted that this was an optimization that I could have made.

And so now the app loads really, really, really fast, which is excellent, faster than it did before.

So let's go and have a look at the talk.

So the talk that I gave was titled Faster and Cheaper.

And that's kind of the typical PlanetScale experience when you come and grab a PlanetScale database.

But this is the experience that all of your applications should have um

so at best

when you're working with ai development the code works right like that's kind of the baseline

that and and that's what you really want

and i know a lot of people have made an argument

that taste is going to be the differentiator and i'm not sure

that i agree with that personally because you know and i know

that there's a lot of applications and services

that are they dominate their sector they dominate their industry

and yet they're quite terrible applications we all have worked with those applications we didn't want to before

but that's just what the sector uses so it's great

that the code works

but ideally i hope this is why you would go to a thing like next.js night

and this is why the people who build next.js are building it the way they are

and and that's why you're watching this video is

because you want to make better things um ideally your application's fast

and it works really well and it's very smooth that's that's the that's the better state

but but it only gets there if you care.

And at worst, and that's what I really want to highlight in this video today, is at worst, if your application's bad, it's not just slow, but it can cost you money.

If your application is fetching too much and too often, you're going to run up your egress rates.

And so like your CPU is going to work too hard.

You're going to fetch too much data too often.

And that can add up when you hit scale.

You don't want to, you know, the thing used to be about, if I hit Hacker News, I don't want my website to go down.

You know, I think that's less of a likelihood now.

But if for whatever reason, you know, your app hits wild popularity and all of those unoptimized fetches you were doing, now they quickly add up.

You blast through your egress quota.

It can cost you money.

So it's important to look at slop for both making your application faster, but also make sure it doesn't cost you money.

And prematurely optimizing is not a bad thing in this instance.

You don't want to wait until you get that scary bill.

Oh, no, you hit scale.

Now it's cost you a lot of money.

You don't have to wait for that moment as a forcing function to fix these things.

You fix them in advance, you'll get a better application sooner.

So I wanted to illustrate a few patterns that are really worth keeping an eye on when it comes to developing.

So you know and I know we don't write the code anymore, right?

But there are still patterns in code that as of this moment, agents will typically get wrong or bad.

And this is what I really want to highlight here at the moment is

that I'm not saying here's a code snippet you should copy, but rather here's the sorts of things that agents will do unsupervised.

And you could take like this video or my blog post

that I wrote about this on the PlanetScale blog and give it to your agent and say, hey, just check out these patterns.

And it'll, you know, do the job of double checking.

But I think it's worth building your personal context to know what to look for, to make sure the apps that you're building are really, really good.

And so here on the left hand side, like just having a query function from here's like I'm using

drizzle orm you know just having a query that's going to

select every column from a particular row that's going to fetch way too much

or worse again because it's imperative you're not saying exactly what you need it's unclear to the agent

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and to humans what you're actually using in the application from

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that row in the database

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so returning only what you use there on the right hand

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side that's really important for both things to limit the amount of content

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that you're pulling and also to make it very clear what you need

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because you know in this instance get posts that function is probably pulling this post list on the left-hand side.

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And I don't need to pull in all of the content.

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If I was grabbing everything, I'd be grabbing this whole content column, which is a huge JSONB column.

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So you can imagine how much slower it'd make this query

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to fetch all of those every time I load the list of posts.

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I don't need to do that.

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I only want what I need.

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So you also want to make sure that you're returning less data.

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So this is an instance where writing which is ingress can actually become egress.

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And that is to make sure that, if your function has this method on the end,

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this returning one, which I was only writing another demo application today and it did this exact thing.

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You know, I was writing something to the database and it just returned everything.

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And this will actually return more than you actually wrote.

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So if I was to just like update the post and update the title, but say, hey, return everything from that row.

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Again, it could be returning the entire JSON body of that big content area, which again, it's not what I want.

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So only return what you need if you need to return anything at all.

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Agents will typically write too much code.

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And so they'll return the whole row, even if you weren't using it in the application.

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So you want to fetch less often.

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And that's where we start to use these caching functions.

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You might have different frameworks, different places to cache.

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Next.js's caching controls are really, really great.

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And here you can see this declarative nature of them.

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So first of all, when you write use cache there, that's part of that cache components.

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That is a signal to Next.js.

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I want you to cache this function invocation and the parameters that it has.

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And then you give it a name.

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So you write this cache tag here.

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You say, I'm using this human readable identifier to say that

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if I ever want to invalidate this cache and force a revalidation of it, then I just need to invalidate this particular tag.

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And so that's what the relationship of these two things.

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That one, top one, use for cache, that's for Next.js, cache tag, that's for you.

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And so to have that same getPost function from before, but then have a cached version of it, that means that I can still fetch on demand when I want to have fresh data,

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but I can fetch a cached version of it, which is going to be much faster as well.

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And this can be dynamic too.

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So if I'm going to get the post by the slug, then I can use a cache tag there that is dynamic in that it's using just this unique value,

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which means I can still invalidate just that page and just that fetch in the cache.

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So we want to invalidate and refresh on demand as well.

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So there's instances where you might want to revalidate where it's

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okay to leave stale data on the page for a short amount of time.

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There's going to be instances where that is definitely not okay.

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So for example, deleting a post from the database, I want to update this tag to say, hey, I've deleted this post.

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Let's get rid of that immediately out of the cache as well as out of the database.

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So you get controls on when to set up that cache, but also when to tear it down.

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It's important too to limit the blast radius of updates.

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So for example, not all updates are created equal.

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If we go back to my document here, making a change to this content area, that is going to send quite a large transfer over the wire.

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So I don't want to have to update the entire page here and all these layouts

153

because I'm only updating that content area there where, for example, if I'm going to edit just this title section, I've got a different function there because that is going to need to invalidate this list.

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And so that list is going to need to be refreshed.

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So that means that when I'm making changes within this content area here, I'm not forcing a revalidation or re-rendering of the post list on the left-hand side.

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But when I do need to force that rendering, I can change this title here.

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And so that's using a different function.

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So splitting up those functions to perform those edits can be really important just to make sure

159

that those changes and the impact of them ripple through as little of the application as possible.

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So it's important too to fetch in priority order.

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So not all content on the page needs to be seen at the same time.

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So here on the left-hand side, if I'm loading the URL to load this particular page, this content area is the primary thing that I want to see first and the list on the left-hand side,

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I can suspend that and stream that in later.

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I don't mind.

165

I could put a loading spinner there, but personally, I hate loading spinners and fetches from PlanetScale should be so quick that you really need to see them anyway.

166

But yeah, I've set this up that I've actually suspended this list of posts here.

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But this content area on the right-hand side is actually server-side rendered.

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And so what I've done here, because this editor here, this editing block editor component that I've got,

169

it's called Portable Text and it has a rendering component as well as an editing component.

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Now the editing component is super heavy and very interactive.

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So it has to be a client component, but I've got a server rendered version of it

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and you might see a flash for a second there where it's like half opacity and then it sort of fades in.

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And I did that deliberately because I wanted the page to load incredibly quickly.

174

We're doing the smallest possible piece amount of work on the server side to render that as quickly as possible.

175

But as soon as it can become interactive, it is.

176

So we're sort of fetching and rendering in priority order.

177

I think I've stolen the next slide.

178

Yeah, rendering in priority order.

179

So that's what I was sort of saying there is to have that sort of static content rendering.

180

And then as soon as the editor is ready, that gets rendered in there, you know, where it's live.

181

And also I've got some import things there to say that, hey, the editor should not be part of that server side rendered bundle.

182

So I'm keeping that as small as possible on the server

183

and then only bringing it into the client side when I need it.

184

It's also important to cache as few keys as possible, particularly when it comes to user input.

185

So we have those dynamic tags for caching, and that's excellent.

186

But when it comes to user input that's going to result in a cache, we want to reduce the number of potential caches that we can create.

187

So, for example, here, if I was going to change the weather selector here, you know, if I'm searching for London or, you know, London in all caps with spaces either side of it,

188

those shouldn't end up in different cache entries.

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You know, we can normalize that, make it all lowercase, trim off any white space, and that's going to be useful.

190

So just to, I mean, that's just one very specific example, but in any way where you can reduce the number of tags that are going to return the same data, that's incredibly important.

191

And especially again, when it comes to user input.

192

And fetching more or less often, you do get controls in Next.js as well over the lifetime of the cache too.

193

So things like weather updates, I'd only wanna cache it for a few minutes at the most because that can change quite variably, but there are other things that could last for hours and they're likely going to be okay.

194

So you're in control of the length of time, and you can also even change the settings in the next

195

config to sort of create your own named values for when things are cached and when they are revalidated, which is really cool again.

196

And again, it's just all these controls that you get to put in your code so agents can read them.

197

It's really, really neat.

198

And then caching about streaming children.

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This was a sort of important thing when building this demo as well, is that this component here, because this has to do an asynchronous lookup to fetch the weather,

200

I didn't want loading those components to hold up that server-side rendered data fetch.

201

So the server-ended version, it uses a cached version of this data if it has access to it.

202

But on the first load, it isn't going to wait for those asynchronous fetches to complete in order to render this component.

203

And so you can see there, there's a small, on the first load there, it said loading weather, dot, dot, dot.

204

And then on the second load, it was already there.

205

So that meant that that was going to come from the server as fast as possible because these child components, children components, weren't going to wait on their own asynchronous fetches,

206

but we could just load the shell and then stream those in when they're ready.

207

And then as soon as they're ready, they're cached for the next person and for the next visit to see, which is really, really cool.

208

And then if you wanted to go further with this, there's also this idea of cache navigations and also remote caching as well.

209

So if the in-memory cache isn't sort of long lived enough for you, you can reach out to an external service and start saving those cache entries in there as well.

210

So you get an even longer lived cache.

211

But yeah, I mean, that was the talk

212

that I gave at both of those meetups and it was just very cool to see where Next.js is now.

213

But like I said at the beginning, above all else, seeing just how much

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that team care about making really performant apps and it's really quite inspiring to see and inspiring to show that, you know, we can all build things very quickly.

215

But if you care, you're going to build something really great and you can do that with Next.js, which is cool.

216

So I hope you enjoyed this.

217

If you have any questions, let me know.

218

I'll put a link to the demo app in the description as well, and you can grab that on GitHub, and I'll see you in the next one.

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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione

Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “Next.js 16.3 got good”. Questo video contiene 218 frasi e 3420 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 14:56. Chi parla va veloce, circa 229 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Il 85% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.

Vocaboli chiave di questo video

Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:

Parola	Pronuncia	Significato
cache sostantivo	/kæʃ/	nascondiglio, ripostiglio
fetch verbo	/fɛt͡ʃ/	riportare, recuperare
render verbo	/ˈɹɛn.dɚ/	rendere
declarative aggettivo	/dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/	dichiarativo
egress sostantivo	/ˈiːɡɹɛs/	uscita
asynchronous aggettivo	/eɪˈsɪŋ.kɹə.nəs/	asincrono
query sostantivo	/ˈkwɪɹ.i/	interrogativo, domanda
demo sostantivo	/ˈdɛm.oʊ/	demo
optimize verbo	/ˈɑptɪmaɪz/	ottimizzare
spinner sostantivo	/ˈspɪnɚ/	trottola, girandola
parameter sostantivo	/pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/	parametro
refresh verbo	/ɹɪˈfɹɛʃ/	rinfrescare
suspend verbo	/səsˈpɛnd/	sospendere
ideally avverbio	/aɪˈdi.ə.li/	idealmente, preferibilmente
dominate verbo	/ˈdɑ.məˌneɪt/	dominare

I phrasal verb che sentirai

Parola	Pronuncia	Significato
add up verbo		sommarsi
hold up verbo		ritardare, rallentare
show off verbo		vantare, vantarsi
check out verbo		investigare
end up verbo		andare a finire, finire
go through verbo		attraversare
set up verbo	/ˌsɛt ˈʌp/	preparare, installare
split up verbo		dividersi

Frasi da ripetere

Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:

The agent's not going to care for you.
You're going to fetch too much data too often.
I don't need to do that.
I think I've stolen the next slide.

La grammatica di questo video

Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:

Struttura	Nel video
Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso	I've titled · you've never been · has always been
Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa	was cached · being fetched · are implemented
Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa	everything, which is · fast, which is · people who build

Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione

Chi parla usa 86 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'm, I've, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.

I suoni “sh” e “zh”: cache /kæʃ/, refresh /ɹɪˈfɹɛʃ/, differentiator /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪ.tə/, invocation /ˌɪn.voʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, optimization /ˌɑptəmaɪˈzeɪʃən/
Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: invalidate /ɪnˈvæl.əˌdeɪt/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, asynchronous /eɪˈsɪŋ.kɹə.nəs/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/

I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:

/h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, hint /hɪnt/
Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: cache /kæʃ/, fetch /fɛt͡ʃ/, invalidate /ɪnˈvæl.əˌdeɪt/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, egress /ˈiːɡɹɛs/
/æ/ — più aperta della “e”: cache /kæʃ/, invalidate /ɪnˈvæl.əˌdeɪt/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/

Come esercitarsi con questo video

Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come cache, fetch, render.

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.

Tecnica dello shadowing: leggi la guida completa passo dopo passo →

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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione

Vocaboli chiave di questo video

I phrasal verb che sentirai

Frasi da ripetere

La grammatica di questo video

Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione

Come esercitarsi con questo video

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?