Pratica di Shadowing: The End Game of U.K Economics - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Scegli una modalità di pratica
Ogni modalità apre una sala di pratica a schermo intero.
256 frasi
Se le frasi sono troppo corte o troppo lunghe, clicca su Edit per modificarle.
1
In the last decade, the UK's population has risen at its fastest pace since the 1960s.
2
And no, it's not because the Brits are suddenly getting broody.
3
Fertility is actually falling.
4
It's because immigration has surged to record highs.
5
Which is funny, only 10 years ago, millions of Brits voted for Brexit specifically to reduce immigration.
6
So then why has the exact opposite happened?
7
The obvious explanation is that Britain has an aging population and persistent labor shortages.
8
Employers need workers, so the government made it easier to bring them in.
9
But these labour gaps deserve questioning, because paradoxically, the UK has a staggering 1 million young people who aren't in work, education or training.
10
This sounds less like a labour shortage and more like a broken system, where the economy is failing to allocate spare labour capacity into the sectors that demand them.
11
But the migration conundrum gets even stranger, because while workers are coming in, there's a growing population of wealthy entrepreneurs who for a host of reasons are leaving.
12
And this comes with its own set of potentially crippling problems.
13
Immigration debates tend to be emotionally charged and focus on national identity, cultural integration and fairness.
14
The cold hard economics tends to get sidelined.
15
So, as always, we have some questions to answer.
16
If Brexit was meant to reduce immigration, why has it rapidly increased instead?
17
Is the UK reliant on immigration as a quick and cheap solution to deeper problems with skills, wages and productivity?
18
And finally, how economically damaging is the emigration of wealthy British nationals?
19
The UK has long been a financial hub.
20
Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, it was there where investment truly returned at an exponential rate.
21
Fortunately, finance has become more accessible since those days.
22
But finding the time to properly allocate and manage your hard-earned wealth remains difficult when we have such busy lives.
23
That's where Trading212 comes in.
24
Trading212 is making it far easier to invest and automate building wealth for regular folk.
25
Its app offers investment tools that are pretty impressive.
26
For example, with automatic asset allocation, you can diversify your risk with ease and automatically reinvest dividends.
27
With a few taps, you can set up automatic investing using a direct debit
28
so a portion of your monthly income gets invested in a systematic, calculated manner.
29
And if different rates of returns unbalance your portfolio, trading 212 can rebalance it for you.
30
This is a feature previously only available for high net worth individuals at investment banks.
31
Trading 212 also offers brokerage accounts with competitive interest rates.
32
So save time and optimize your portfolio all in one place with Trading 212.
33
Just know when investing, your capital is at risk.
34
This is not investment advice or portfolio management.
35
And since the folk over there love us so much, they're offering us all a random free fractional share worth up to 100 euros.
36
Just use the promo code EE after signing up and depositing on the platform the platform.
37
UK population growth has accelerated.
38
From 1971 to 2000, the average annual growth rate stood at 0.18%, but from 2001 to the present day, it averaged 0.66%.
39
This has recently caught headlines following back-to-back years of over 1% growth, representing the highest level of population increase since the late 1940s.
40
The difference is that this time it wasn't because of a baby boom.
41
It has been driven almost exclusively by net migration.
42
That is, the total number of long-term arrivals minus the number of long-term departures.
43
Since the Brexit referendum in 2016, when swathes of British people voted to leave on the premise of reducing immigration, net immigration has totaled over 3 million people.
44
So, did Brexit somehow open the borders by accident?
45
Not exactly.
46
What really happened was that in 2021, a single points-based system was introduced to judge EU and non-EU citizens by the same criteria for the first time.
47
On its own, that's not obviously a recipe for more migration.
48
For EU citizens it was actually way harder to move to the UK, since they were no longer allowed to move to the UK visa-free, and it showed in the data.
49
Since the Brexit referendum, EU immigration to the UK has consistently declined, and from 2022 there has been more EU citizens leaving the UK than have been entering.
50
But EU citizens were the exception.
51
The new points based system allowed the UK government to have more control over their own migration policy.
52
With this, they relaxed the rules and opened new migration pathways, which made it easier for non-EU citizens to migrate.
53
Now, you're probably wondering, why did they relax the rules and open new pathways?
54
Well, we can answer this by honing in on three types of migration.
55
Educational migration, labour migration and humanitarian migration.
56
In the UK education sector and for UK labour markets, immigration was good for business business.
57
In 2021-22, the UK economy was in a rough patch, recovering from the pandemic and facing the highest levels of inflation since the 1970s.
58
Incentives existed to increase immigration.
59
In higher education, UK universities dramatically expanded their sponsorship of student visas.
60
International demand for British universities is strong, making higher education one of the UK's largest exports.
61
But in 2021, British universities were under severe financial pressure due to cost inflation.
62
Cost inflation that they could not pass on to domestic students
63
because there was price cap on tuition fees set at £9,250 a year.
64
But here's the catch, this price cap does not exist for international students.
65
Given the strong international demand, they are charged far more and are a lucrative revenue source for the sector.
66
So when cost inflation puts the sector under increased financial pressure, expanding international recruitment becomes the obvious solution.
67
And with the post-Brexit study visas allowing two years of work in the UK post-graduation, the UK government made the offer even more attractive for families around the world who could afford the high fees.
68
At the peak in 2022, 484,000 international students migrated to the UK.
69
That's an 80% increase compared to 2019, just before the post-Brexit immigration system had been implemented.
70
So incentives in the UK higher education sector explain a large chunk of the increase in UK immigration.
71
But what else?
72
Well, in many UK labour markets, there were severe shortages.
73
In particular, the health and care sector was in a bad spot.
74
Britain's ageing population was already increasing demand for healthcare and social care workers.
75
COVID then added treatment backlogs, long-term sickness and severe pressure on existing staff, widening shortages.
76
The government responded again by relaxing health and care visa rules.
77
Care workers became eligible for the visa in 2022 for the first time.
78
The number of health and care visas granted nearly tripled in a year from 47,000 to 146,000 by 2023.
79
Labor shortages grew in other key sectors too.
80
In construction, there were 38,000 vacancies a month.
81
Wholesale and retail job adverts were 74% above pre-pandemic levels.
82
And in farming, the labor shortage was acute enough
83
that over 60 million pounds worth of fruit and veg rotted in the fields.
84
In total, vacancies across the economy hit record highs in 2022.
85
Naturally, this led to more work visas being issued across the economy.
86
But direct work visas only partly explain the increase in immigration.
87
For many routes, it was possible for workers and students to bring their dependents like children or spouses.
88
This contributed significantly to the overall figures.
89
For example, there were actually more dependent visas issued to health and care workers than there were main applicants in 2023.
90
Dependent visas were also granted for many students too.
91
On the whole, student and work-related visas and their dependents accounted for 70% of total immigration during this time.
92
But relaxing immigration rules wasn't all about economics.
93
humanitarian causes also arose.
94
Beijing's political crackdown in Hong Kong, a former British territory, the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, and of course Russia's invasion of Ukraine all created refugees fleeing persecution or war.
95
The UK government created pathways to help these people on a moral basis.
96
They were exceptional responses to exceptional events.
97
Lastly, there was a sharp increase in asylum seekers and irregular migration via small boat crossings of the English Channel from France.
98
Despite occupying a large portion of the political debate, this type of immigration only makes up around 15% of total immigration.
99
All these factors combined resulted in the highest level of UK net migration ever recorded in 2023, at 944,000.
100
In total, 19% of the UK population is foreign-born, which, despite recent influxes, is actually a fairly average level when compared against other OECD countries.
101
So no, Brexit didn't cause increased immigration in the UK.
102
Brexit gave the UK government control of its own immigration policy, which it used to relax rules to address the financial strain of UK universities, emerging labour shortages and humanitarian crises.
103
But this leaves us with a deeper question, because we now know that labour shortages led to more immigration.
104
But why do these labour shortages exist in the first place?
105
The word shortage makes it sound like Britain simply ran out of workers.
106
Like one day the economy opened the cupboard, found nothing inside, and had to rush to order more labour on next day delivery.
107
That's obviously an oversimplification.
108
Britain has labour shortages, yes, But it also has millions of working age people outside the labour force
109
and a growing number of young people not in employment, education or training.
110
So, is immigration filling unavoidable shortages?
111
Or is it a short-term fix that allows Britain to avoid fixing deeper allocative problems regarding skills, wages and productivity?
112
First, let's make one thing clear.
113
Immigration has brought real economic benefits to the UK economy.
114
Immigrants increase the size of the labour force, reducing the dependency ratio.
115
The dependency ratio measures how many people aren't working for every person who is working.
116
It's roughly calculated by adding the total population of children and retirees, then dividing it by the working age population.
117
The lower the value is, the more taxpayers there are to fund pensions, healthcare and other public services, which eases fiscal pressure.
118
Since most immigrants are of working age, the UK's Office for Budget Responsibility, OBR, found that the average migrant is a net fiscal contributor to the UK economy,
119
paying more tax than they cost through public services.
120
This is why studies show that higher net migration actually leads to marginally less government borrowing and therefore lower national debt.
121
Migration also increases consumption, and many high-skill entrepreneurs come specifically to the UK to access finance, higher talent and invest.
122
As mentioned, international students support a large higher education sector and they increase labour market flexibility by filling in shortages.
123
This all boosts GDP, but the overall impact is slightly blurrier.
124
Because while immigration has increased UK GDP, studies show it doesn't seem to have increased the GDP per capita.
125
Increased demand for housing, a sector with relatively inelastic supply, has helped to push up prices, especially in the rental market.
126
Good for landlords, not so good for renters.
127
And there is some evidence that low-skill migration reduces the incentive to invest in machinery and automation, negatively affecting productivity growth.
128
Clearly it's a messy picture which requires nuance.
129
But one of the areas where high immigration may be contributing to a growing issue in the UK is skills development.
130
I say this because it's a massive problem in the UK right now.
131
There are 1 million people between the ages of 16 and 24 who are not in education, employment or training, otherwise known as NEETs.
132
This represents 12.8% of all people in this age group, which is a higher proportion than any country in the European Union except Romania.
133
Clearly Britain has jobs that need doing and people who need opportunities, but the two are not connecting very well.
134
And no, the point here isn't that immigrants are taking British jobs.
135
that in a free labor market, businesses will hire who is best qualified, experienced and willing for the job.
136
Which is fair enough.
137
And workers from lower income economies are incentivized to migrate for a higher salary.
138
This plentiful supply of experienced labor makes international recruitment easy and much quicker compared to large-scale domestic workforce planning.
139
The result is that domestic spare capacity doesn't get developed and deployed.
140
Not only does this lead to a lost generation of disillusioned youth, but it also leaves key sectors of the economy reliant on international labor.
141
And reliance on international labor can be a problem because they are more likely to leave in a downturn or shock, as seen following Brexit and then again during the pandemic.
142
It increases the vulnerability of key sectors, like healthcare for instance.
143
As global demand for healthcare workers increases due to global economic growth and aging populations, international labor are coming across increasingly attractive alternatives that may pull them away from the UK.
144
Workforce reliance on immigration is no secret.
145
The UK's National Health Service, the country's largest single employer, itself acknowledges it is overly dependent on international migration to meet the country's demand for healthcare.
146
Just look at this graph.
147
The yellow line shows the proportion of vacancies in the UK that are due to skills shortages, and the blue line shows the number of work visas approved.
148
When skills-based vacancies go up, more work visas are granted to fill the roles in the immediate year or two after.
149
There's a strong lagging relationship.
150
This helps maintain supply of key services in the short term, but it negates the long-term need to train, upskill, or reskill spare labour capacity in the workforce.
151
It's like using painkillers to treat a medical condition.
152
Paracetamol is great at stopping the immediate pain, but in the long term it's not addressing the root cause of the issue.
153
And pretending it does can actually make things worse as it
154
reduces the motivation to take substantive action to properly address the root problem.
155
Now, this is not to say that if labor shortages stayed large
156
and for long enough then all 1 million young NEETs would eventually be trained up and put in jobs.
157
A lot of them face other challenges with mental health, long term sickness, disabilities and caring responsibilities.
158
On top of that, AI is reducing the number of entry-level roles available.
159
But a lack of opportunities for skills development
160
and support for transitioning into work is certainly making the total figure of young needs higher than it should be.
161
In a recent survey by the Chartered Institute for Professional Development,
162
35% of employers who hire migrant workers found it difficult to find UK-born workers with adequate technical skills.
163
And 29% said that migrants have technical skills and qualifications that are hard to find.
164
But the issue isn't entirely about gaps in skills development.
165
Working in the care sector, farming, hospitality and construction is no joke.
166
They are often physically demanding, low paid, with irregular working patterns and limited progression.
167
Employers often can't find domestic workers for such jobs.
168
At least not at the current wage, conditions and career prospects offered.
169
Again, this is where immigration becomes incredibly useful.
170
Because the reality is, working age migrants often come from less developed countries with less opportunities, harsher labour standards and worse pay.
171
In other words, they are more willing to put up with these relatively tough working conditions by UK standards
172
because it's still far better than what they can find at home.
173
Let's take someone from Kyrgyzstan, for example.
174
He can earn about 294,744 some working in agriculture at home, which is 2,518 pounds a year at current exchange rates.
175
Or he can fly to the UK, work his butt off on a farm for six months during the busy season, and earn a minimum of 15,862 pounds.
176
Then he can return home with the equivalent of six years of local agricultural wages, live like a local king, and enjoy a well-earned half a year off without needing to work at all.
177
It's a very crude example and this hypothetical gentleman will return home with less after paying for flights, their visa, rent, a smidgen of tax and other costs, but it's still a massive wage arbitrage.
178
For many people from low income economies, these are opportunities that are too good to pass up.
179
Their opportunity cost, that is the value of the next best alternative they're giving up, is low.
180
But for UK citizens, it's often an entirely different perspective.
181
Low skill, high physical effort jobs in hospitality, agriculture, care or construction pay relatively little.
182
Social status of the job is minimal and they often lack clear paths for career progression.
183
For many people, they simply aren't jobs worthy of pursuing.
184
And if you're in a privileged enough socio-economic position, you don't have to.
185
In UK construction, this is brutally obvious.
186
The sector needs hundreds of thousands of extra workers, but despite the government increasing financial support for apprenticeships, uptake has still dropped 16%.
187
The incentives simply aren't strong enough, and it's resulted in allocative inefficiency in the labour market.
188
Most young people would rather stay unemployed
189
and keep applying for jobs in more favourable sectors than take a funded apprenticeship in sectors that are desperate for workers.
190
Either that, or go to university.
191
Which still attracts the majority despite it costing tens of thousands of pounds in debt, despite there being a well-known oversupply of graduates,
192
and despite there being declining lifetime income premiums for this route.
193
In response to all this, the UK government has introduced a youth guarantee, increasing funding for apprenticeships, entry-level jobs, work placements and sector-specific training pipelines to move young needs into employment.
194
But it remains to be seen whether this meets the scale of the challenge.
195
The UK's NEAT problem feeds into a larger subject, the subject of UK economic decline.
196
According to Google search analytics, searches on this topic have exploded in the past 12 months.
197
There are genuine reasons to support this notion.
198
You ready?
199
Economic stagnation, chronically low productivity growth, fiscally constrained public finances, local councils on the brink of bankruptcy, notoriously high energy prices, underperforming utility services,
200
delayed and over budget infrastructure projects, high taxes, rising rates of theft, unprecedented political turnover in Downing Street,
201
and a frustratingly complex system of compliance and regulation are all touted as signs that the UK has, to put it lightly, left much to be desired.
202
But out of all these concerns, the reports that wealthy and high income individuals are leaving in droves may be the most potent
203
and revealing feature on the current state of affairs in the UK.
204
So what are the potential dangers of this?
205
Well one of the obvious concerns is the effect it has on the tax base.
206
In the UK, the top 1% of income taxpayers account for 28% of all income tax.
207
If a large portion of these people leave, then so does an even larger chunk of current and future tax revenue, putting additional strain on a fiscal system that is already unable to cover its spending levels.
208
If the people leaving are mostly passive asset holders, the impact may be limited.
209
But if they are founders, serial entrepreneurs and investors, then the loss is not just tax revenue.
210
This group drives business creation, capital deployment, employment opportunities, innovation, and the multiplier effect these things have across the wider economy.
211
Now, it's worth noting that it's much easier said than done for an individual to simply uproot themselves and leave a country.
212
People have families, social networks, emotional connections, physical assets, and non-mobile business structure also influence decision-making.
213
But when the low-tax non-domicile regime was abolished, inheritance tax was extended to worldwide assets, and taxes on investment income were increased,
214
the UK clearly became less attractive to internationally mobile wealth.
215
Following these changes, New World Wealth forecasted that the UK was projected to lose around 16,500 millionaires in 2025,
216
taking an estimated $91.8 billion in investable wealth with them.
217
Following this, news of a millionaire exodus from the UK spread like wildfire, and the narrative still runs strong based on these forecasts to this day.
218
The issue is that these statistics are dubious, if not misleading.
219
The figures have faced serious criticism for inaccuracy due to a weak methodological
220
and a vested interest from the source organization who profit from assisting wealthy families migrate.
221
There's also academic evidence that high earners are less responsive to tax changes than headlines often suggest.
222
While some wealthy individuals are undoubtedly leaving the UK, the emigration of UK millionaires is likely a much smaller matter than the mass exodus event often referenced.
223
The difficulty is knowing just how many are leaving, and whether this is actually having a significant impact on the economy at large at large.
224
One way to gauge that is to look at whether the UK continues to harbor entrepreneurs and investment.
225
On this we know that the UK
226
and London in particular continues to lead globally when it comes to tech startups and venture capital.
227
London has the fourth largest tech ecosystem in the world.
228
This naturally attracts entrepreneurs and high skill workers
229
and its position as a leader in this space has only grown in recent years despite the recent tax changes we mentioned.
230
54 of the 100 fastest growing companies in the UK have foreign-born founders
231
and the city continues to have plentiful access to venture capital and other sources of investment.
232
If there really was an exodus of wealth, then London's tech ecosystem would not be prospering in the way it is today.
233
However, there is a more tangible change in migration patterns that we know will matter economically for the UK.
234
We already covered the surge of net migration around 2023.
235
But since then, restrictive government policy reforms have been introduced, resulting in a huge collapse in immigration.
236
Net migration has fallen from 944,000 in 2023 to 171,000 in 2025.
237
Demographers and economists are expecting net migration to go to zero
238
or even negative over the next couple of years This fall
239
is forecasted to have a negative impact on the economy Recent modelling predicts
240
that net zero migration in the UK from now to 2030 Would result in an economy
241
that is 3.6% smaller by 2040 A pretty modest figure, but not insignificant So, what does all this tell us?
242
Clearly, Britain has become somewhat dependent on immigration as a shock absorber It keeps universities funded, farms staffed and hospitals running while an unstable,
243
increasingly polarized government moles over harder reforms to training, wages, housing and productivity.
244
Meanwhile, the millionaire exodus appears far more dramatic in headlines than in the available economic data.
245
Tax competitiveness still matters and wealthy people are leaving the UK, but not to the extent illustrated in online media sources.
246
And recent cuts to net migration may eventually create stronger need for the government
247
and businesses to train more workers and improve incentives for currently unattractive jobs.
248
But those reforms take years, while the workers, tuition fees and tax revenues disappear immediately.
249
The political temptation will be to relax work and study visa rules once again to address those labour shortages.
250
But if that happens without tackling the underlying structural problems, the country could find itself right back in the same position.
251
In this video we covered the rise of young people not in education, employment or training in the UK.
252
While the issue is particularly bad for the UK, it's actually happening across much of the developed world.
253
We recently explored why.
254
You should be able to click into that video on your screen now.
255
Thanks for watching mate.
256
Bye.
Scarica l'app
Tutto ciò che serve per parlare fluentemente
Pronuncia con IAVoto per ogni frase
Pratica IPAPadroneggia ogni suono
VocabolarioCostruisci il tuo lessico
Gioco di vocabolarioImpara giocando
Stesso Canale
B22
Why Trillions of Foreign Aid Hasn’t Solved Poverty
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Why Europe's GDP Growth Is Crippling Its Economy
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
What Happens When Capitalism Doesn't Need Workers Anymore?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
The Tragic Reality of Brain Drain on Poor Countries | Economics Explained
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Why China Will be the Big Winner of the 2020 Crisis
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C15
The Economy Gave Up On Young People ... It's Starting To Show
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C211
No One Is Talking About the "Winners" of the Iran War
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Video consigliato
C13
226 frasi
Fall of Britain: Why Britain Is Collapsing Into a TRAP? ( And cant Escape) Economic case study
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C1160
26 frasi
IELTS Speaking Part 3: Mass Tourism and Its Consequences
American AccentBritish AccentIELTS PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
50 frasi
International Trade Explained
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C1465
25 frasi
The Human Economy in the Age of AI | Ben Pascut | TEDx
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C12
196 frasi
Elon Musk Explains How the AI Bubble Will Burst.
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C16
233 frasi
UK universities are being killed by deliberately designed neoliberal government policy.
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
311 frasi
Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C14
220 frasi
Why France’s Economy Is Stalling
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C11
42 frasi
What 50% Unemployment Will Actually Do to the Economy
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
B21
85 frasi
"Communities... are getting angrier and angrier" | Rory Stewart and Neil Kinnock immigration debate
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “The End Game of U.K Economics”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: immigration, migration, labour, workers, shortage. Questo video contiene 256 frasi e 3923 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 20:35. Chi parla va veloce, circa 191 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Solo il 81% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| shortage sostantivo | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | scarsità, mancanza |
| entrepreneur sostantivo | /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/ | imprenditore, imprenditrice |
| vacancy sostantivo | /ˈveɪkənsi/ | posto vacante, posizione vacante |
| exodus sostantivo | /ˈɛksədəs/ | esodo |
| millionaire sostantivo | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | milionario |
| migrant sostantivo | /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/ | migratore, migratrice |
| incentive sostantivo | /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/ | incentivo |
| migrate verbo | /maɪˈɡɹeɪt/ | migrare |
| pathway sostantivo | /ˈpæθˌweɪ/ | via |
| humanitarian aggettivo | /hjuˌmæ.nəˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/ | umanitario |
| workforce sostantivo | /ˈwɝk.foɹs/ | forza lavoro, manodopera |
| headline sostantivo | /ˈhɛd.laɪn/ | titolo |
| immigrant sostantivo | /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/ | immigrante |
| allocate verbo | /ˈæl.ə.keɪt/ | stanziare, assegnare |
| allocative aggettivo | allocativo |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| come across verbo | dare l'impressione, avere l'aria | |
| give up verbo | arrendersi | |
| go up verbo | salire | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | comporsi |
| put up with verbo | sopportare, tollerare | |
| set up verbo | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | preparare, installare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has risen · has surged · has become |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was meant · has been driven · was introduced |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | people who aren · person who is · group, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 17 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come aren't, doesn't, isn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, apprenticeship /əˈpɹɛn.tɪs.ʃɪp/, progression /pɹəˈɡɹɛʃən/, tuition /tjuːˈɪʃən/, exceptional /ɪkˈsɛpʃənəl/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, humanitarian /hjuˌmæ.nəˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/, apprenticeship /əˈpɹɛn.tɪs.ʃɪp/, dependency /dɪˈpɛndənsi/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: humanitarian /hjuˌmæ.nəˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/, headline /ˈhɛd.laɪn/, hospitality /ˌhɑ.spɪˈtæl.ə.ti/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, exodus /ˈɛksədəs/, migrant /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/, incentive /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/, migrate /maɪˈɡɹeɪt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, humanitarian /hjuˌmæ.nəˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/, allocate /ˈæl.ə.keɪt/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/, hospitality /ˌhɑ.spɪˈtæl.ə.ti/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come shortage, entrepreneur, vacancy.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.