シャドーイング練習: The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hello, learned and astonishingly attractive pupils.
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My name is John Green, and I want to welcome you to Crash Course World History.
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Over the next 40 weeks, together, we will learn how in a mere 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering...
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Mr. Green!
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Mr. Green!
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Mr. Green!
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Is this going to be on the test?
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Yeah, about the test.
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The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world.
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And it will take place in schools, and bars, and hospitals, and dorm rooms, and in places of worship.
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You will be tested on first dates, in job interviews, while watching football, and while scrolling through your Twitter feed.
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The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages, whether you'll be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric,
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and whether you'll be able to place your life and your community in a broader context.
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The test will last your entire life, and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that when taken together make your life yours.
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And everything, everything will be on it.
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I know, right?
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So pay attention.
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In a mere 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering to creating such improbabilities as the airplane, the internet, and the 99 cent double cheeseburger.
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It's an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey of my own.
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Over to camera two.
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Hi there camera two, it's me John Green.
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Let's start with that double cheeseburger.
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Ooh, food photography.
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So this hot hunk of meat contains 490 calories.
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To get this cheeseburger, you have to feed, raise, and slaughter cows, then grind their meat, then freeze it, and ship it to its destination.
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You also gotta grow some wheat and then process the living crap out of it until it's whiter than Queen Elizabeth I.
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Then you gotta milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese, and that's not even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers, or the sweetening of tomatoes, or the grinding of mustard seeds,
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etc. How in the sweet name of everything holy did we ever come to live in a world in
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which such a thing can even be created?
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And how is it possible
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that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money
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that if I make the minimum wage here in the US, I can earn in 11 minutes?
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And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of relative abundance?
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Well, to answer that question, we're not going to be able to look strictly at history, because there isn't a written record about a lot of these things, but thanks to archaeology and paleobiology,
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we can look deep into the past.
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Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
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15,000 years ago, humans were foragers and hunters.
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Foraging meant gathering fruits, nuts, also wild grains and grasses.
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Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, so long as you could find something with meat to kill.
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By far the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world, incidentally, was fishing.
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Which is one of the reasons that if you look at the history of people populating the planet, we tended to run for the shore and then stay there.
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Marine life was A, abundant, and B, relatively unlikely to eat you.
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While we tend to think that the lives of foragers were nasty, brutish, and short, fossil evidence suggests that they actually had it pretty good.
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Their bones and teeth are healthier than those of agriculturalists, and anthropologists who've studied the remaining forager peoples have noted
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that they actually spend a lot fewer hours working than the rest of us, and they spend more time on art, music, and storytelling.
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Also, if you believe the classic of anthropology, Nyssa, they also have a lot more time for scoodilypoopin.
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What?
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I call it scoodilypoopin.
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I'm not going to apologize.
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that cultivation of crops seems to have arisen independently over the course of millennia in a number of places, from Africa to China to the Americas,
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using crops that naturally grew nearby—rice in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the Fertile Crescent,
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yams in West Africa—people around the world began to abandon their foraging for agriculture.
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And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice, right?
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Even though it meant less music and scoodily pooping.
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Thanks Thought Bubble.
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Alright, to answer that question, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture.
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Controllable food supply.
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You might have droughts or floods, but if you're growing the crops and breeding them to be hardier, you have a better chance of not starving.
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In order to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet.
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Especially if you grow grain, you can create a food surplus, which makes cities possible and also the specialization of labor.
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Like, in the days before agriculture, everybody's job was foraging, and it took about a thousand calories of work to create a thousand calories of food.
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And it was impossible to create large population centers.
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But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the production of food.
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Like, for instance, tradespeople who can devote their lives to better farming equipment, which in turn makes it easier to produce more food more efficiently,
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which in time makes it possible for a corporation to turn a profit on this 99 cent double cheeseburger.
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This is delicious by the way.
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It's actually terrible.
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And it's very cold.
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And I wish that I had not eaten it.
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I mean, can we just compare what I was promised to what I was delivered?
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Yeah, thank you.
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Yeah, this is not that.
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Some would say that large and complex agricultural communities
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that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches are not necessarily beneficial to the planet or even to its human inhabitants.
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Although that's a bit of a tough argument to make, coming to you as I am in a series of ones and zeros.
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Agriculture can be practiced all over the world, although in some cases it takes extensive manipulation of the environment, like, you know, irrigation, controlled flooding, terracing, that kind of thing.
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Farming is hard.
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So hard, in fact, that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans
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and then have them till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities.
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So why did agriculture happen?
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Wait, I haven't talked about herders.
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Herders, man, always getting the short end of the stick.
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Herding is a really good and interesting alternative to foraging and agriculture.
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You domesticate some animals and then you take them on the road with you.
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The advantages of herding are obvious.
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First, you get to be a cowboy.
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Also, animals provide meat and milk, but they also help out with shelter because they can provide wool and leather.
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The downside is that you have to move around a lot because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it hard to build cities unless you are the Mongols.
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By the way, over the next 40 weeks you will frequently hear generalizations followed by, unless you are the Mongols.
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But anyway, one of the main reasons herding only caught on in certain parts of the world is
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that there aren't that many animals that lend themselves to domestication.
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Like you have sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common.
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They aren't native to the Americas.
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The only halfway useful herding animal native to the Americas is the llama.
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No, not that llama.
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Two L's.
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Yes. That llama.
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Most animals just don't work for domestication.
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Like, hippos are large, which means they provide lots of meat, but unfortunately they like to eat people.
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Zebras are too ornery.
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Grizzlies have wild hearts that can't be broken.
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Elephants are awesome, but they take way too long to breed.
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Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter.
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Elegant.
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But first, let's see what the secret compartment has for me today.
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Oh, it's another double cheeseburger.
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Thanks, secret compartment.
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Just kidding, I don't thank you for this.
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An open letter to elephants.
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Hey elephants, you're so cute and smart and awesome.
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Why you gotta be pregnant for 22 months?
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That's crazy!
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And then you only have one kid!
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If you were more like cows, you might have taken us over by now.
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Little did you know, but the greatest evolutionary advantage?
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Being useful to humans.
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Like here is a graph of cow population and here is a graph of elephant population.
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Elephants, if you just inserted yourself into human life the way cows did, you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies conspiring against the humans.
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And then you could have risen up and destroyed us and made an awesome elephant world with elephant cars and elephant planes.
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It would have been so great, but no, you gotta be pregnant for 22 months and then have just one kid.
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It's so annoying.
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Best wishes, John Green.
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Right, but back to the agricultural revolution and why it occurred.
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Historians don't know for sure, of course, because there are no written records, but they love to make guesses.
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Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture even though it was more work, or abundance gave people leisure to experiment with domestication,
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or planting originated as a fertility right, or, as some historians have argued, people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol.
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Charles Darwin, like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident,
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saying, saying, a wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise old savage.
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Off topic, but you will note in the coming weeks that the definition of savage tends to be not me.
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Maybe the best theory is that there wasn't really an agricultural revolution at all, but that agriculture came out of an evolutionary desire to eat more.
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Like, early hunter-gatherers knew that seeds germinate when planted, and when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it.
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Unless it's just food.
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Then you want to do less of it.
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I kind of want to spit it out.
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Nope.
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Oh, that's much better.
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So early farmers would find the most accessible forms of wheat and plant them and experiment with them, not because they were trying to start an agricultural revolution, because they were like, you know what would be awesome?
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More food!
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Like on this topic, we have evidence that more than 13,000 years ago, humans in southern Greece were domesticating snails.
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In the Francvi cave, there's a huge pile of snail shells.
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Most of them are larger than current snails, suggesting that the people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious.
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Snails make excellent domesticated food sources, by the way, because A surprisingly caloric, B they're easy to carry since they come with their own suitcases,
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and C to imprison them you just have to scratch a ditch around their living quarters.
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That's not really a revolution, that's just people trying to increase available calories.
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But one non-revolution leads to another, and pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see.
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Many historians also argue that without agriculture we wouldn't have all the bad things that come with complex civilizations like patriarchy, inequality, war, and unfortunately, famine.
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And as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser.
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Without it, humans never would have changed the environment so much, building dams and clearing forests and, more recently, drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer.
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Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean it was the right choice?
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Maybe so, and maybe not, but regardless, we can't unmake that choice.
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And that's one of the reasons I think it's so important to study history.
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History reminds us that revolutions are not events so much as they're processes.
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That for tens of thousands of years, people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today.
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Just as today we're making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people of the future will remember as revolutions.
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Next week we're gonna journey to the Indus River va- whoa.
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It's very fragile, our globe.
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Like the real globe.
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We're gonna travel to the Indus River Valley.
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I'll see you then.
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Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller.
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Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.
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The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself.
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And our graphics team is Thought Bubble.
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If you want to guess at the phrase of the week, you can do so in comments.
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You can also suggest future phrases of the week.
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And if you have a question about today's video, please leave it in comments where our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will aim to answer it.
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Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.
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Thank you.
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この動画で身につくスピーキングスキル
英語スピーキング練習に最適なこの動画では、説明的な語彙の使い方とリズミカルな発音、そして質問に対する即応力を養えます。ジョン・グリーンの話し方は自然で親しみやすく、日常会話からディスカッションまで幅広く応用できる表現が満載です。特にIELTSスピーキング対策にも役立つ、論理的な展開の仕方が学べます。
聞き取りに注意すべき音のつながり
ネイティブの話し方ではリンキングやリダクションがよく見られます。この動画では「gonna be」が「gon na be」となるようなつながり、「gotta」（got to）や「wanna」（want to）の短縮形が頻繁に使われています。また、「and」が「'n」となる弱化も聞き取れるでしょう。これらの音の変化を捉えることで、シャドーイングの精度が上がります。
ネイティブのように話すコツ
ジョン・グリーンの発音はリズムとストレスが際立っています。重要な単語（例えば「agriculture」「revolution」）を強調し、弱い単語は軽く流すことで、話が聞きやすくなっています。シャドーイングサイトで練習する際は、彼のリズムに合わせて口を動かし、ストレスの位置を確認してみてください。「shadow speak」の技術を使うと、自然な発音が身につきます。また、冗談や軽い表現（「skoodilypooping」など）の使い方も観察し、会話に弾みをつけるコツを学びましょう。
英語シャドーイングの練習にこの動画を使えば、発音だけでなく、ネイティブの思考法や表現力も養えます。毎日少しずつ繰り返し練習することで、スピーキングの自信がつくはずです。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | will be tested · be easily persuaded · will be comprised |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | surplus, which makes · behalf, which is · grass, which makes |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | who've studied · haven't talked · have argued |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。