シャドーイング練習: What Dinosaurs ACTUALLY Looked Like? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

The past is a vast and mysterious land that begins at the Big Bang and ends in the present, expanding with each passing moment.

It's the home of everything that came before, the key to understanding our present.

Here, we find the most amazing creatures to ever roam our planet.

Hundreds of millions of species so diverse that our imagination cannot do them justice.

Unfortunately, the past carefully guards its secrets.

While there are a lot of things about the past we know, there are way more things we know we don't know.

And worse, there are probably even more things we don't even know that we don't know about.

Think of the wonder of life.

We now recognize about 1.5 million eukaryotic species, but there may be as many as 10 million alive today.

And although we are adding some 15,000 new species to our collective knowledge each year, the vast majority of life on Earth is still undiscovered.

This is just what is around today.

An estimated 4 billion species emerged on our planet in past eons.

but at least 99% of them died out way before humans spoke the first words.

The vast majority of all the different species that ever existed are

so utterly deleted that they have become part of the unknown unknown part of the past, lost to us forever.

Or are they?

Could we use science and imagination to glimpse a shadow of the unreachable past?

Let's start with what we do know.

To learn about creatures of the past we need fossils.

Any sort of remains preserved from past geological ages.

Bones or shells, impressions or imprints, things preserved in amber.

The totality of all fossils on Earth is called the fossil record, and it's the most important window on the past we'll ever have.

For a dead animal to fossilize, a number of things must go just right.

the right environment, timing and conditions.

And then the fossil needs to survive for millions

or hundreds of millions of years and then get back to the surface and then be discovered before natural processes dissolve it.

So it is kind of a miracle that we have what we have and know what we know.

Take the dinosaurs, since they were one of the largest

and most successful groups of animals for some 165 million years and are also a lot of fun to animate.

What were they really like and what are we missing?

In the last 200 years, we've found tens of thousands of fossils from over 1,000 dinosaur species.

Lately, we've entered a golden era of discovery, and about 50 new dinosaur species are discovered each year,

expanding what we know and what we know that we don't know about them, which is amazing.

But it also makes us aware of all the things lost to the past forever.

Imagine if we took all the animals

that lived in the last 50 million years and randomly chose 10,000 individuals from 1,000 species to fossilize.

Think about all the things that would be missed or that seemed too weird to be true.

Like the giraffe, a yellow animal with brown patterns

that looks like a horse and an antelope had a baby with a long neck and two tiny hairy horns.

How many dinosaur giraffes were there?

Animals so weird and selected for ecological niches so specific that evolution molded their bodies very absurdly.

Today they might seem made up to us.

We know a lot of species are lost forever just because of the environment they lived in.

For example, lush jungles basically prevent fossilization as the chances that an animal will be buried here are low.

Countless scavengers of all sizes break down freshly deceased animals extremely quickly, and the soil is often so acidic that bones are dissolved.

And so fossils of dinosaurs from jungles are practically non-existent.

Today, half of all known species live in the few remaining rainforests that only cover 2% of Earth's land mass.

Millions of years ago, when dinosaurs roamed Earth, jungles covered much more of the planet.

So, besides some insects and other small animals trapped in amber, there should be millions of species that emerged and vanished without leaving any trace.

Trapped deep inside the unknown unknown.

But just in general, biology trips us up.

Look at your body.

It's mainly squishy, gooey, soft stuff, which does not preserve well.

What remains the longest are the crystallized parts of your bones, and so most dinosaur fossils are bones or teeth,

usually fragments, not entire skeletons.

This means that almost all boneless or shell-less animals are practically wiped from the fossil record.

If we take a look at the stunning diversity of weird animals like worms, jellyfish, and slugs alive today, we can only speculate what we are missing.

Although thankfully, many mostly soft and gooey species also left us an incredible diversity of shells

that tell us an amazing amount about our past, so at least we have that.

Still, when we think about all the boneless species that may have existed in the last half billion years, even our best attempt at imagining them falls short.

But it's not like reimagining something based on its bones is straightforward, and so the way we envisage what dinosaurs actually looked like has changed a lot in the last few years.

In the past, many illustrations had a bony, minimalistic look, with a toothy grin to signify fierceness and danger.

But if we draw today's animals in a similar way based on their skeletons, just for the fun of it, we get the most bizarre creatures.

Elephants, swans, and baboons that look like monsters right out of nightmares.

So, similar to animals today, we should imagine dinosaurs with much more soft tissue, fat bellies or chests, weird soft parts like skin flaps,

lips and gums, and just more pronounced features that would make them seem like much more pleasant fellows.

Some soft features actually leave distinctive traces on bones that we can look for in the skeletons of extinct animals,

which is where today's animals with similar features are really helpful.

It's a similar story with colors.

Because we know what the feathers of living birds look like, modern technology combined with the exceedingly rare fossils with preserved remains of fuzzy feathers

give us a glimpse of the real colors of extinct dinosaurs.

We know that tiny Sinosauroptoryx had a striped tail, and its tiny dino buddy Ancyonis huxley was white and black, with gorgeous red feathers around its head.

Still, for the vast majority of really any ancient extinct species, we have no real clue what color they were.

But we know what modern dinosaurs, birds, look like, and here we find the most amazing variety.

So some dinosaurs will have tried to blend into the background, while others might have fielded aggressive color schemes to attract mates or to appear dangerous.

Some might have had impressive decorations or colorful beaks.

Some may have been striped or patterned.

Similarly, we don't know that much about dinosaur behavior, although once again we can draw conclusions from existing animals.

For example, even apex predators like lions spend a lot of their time lying around

and cuddling and licking each other and playing and playing.

Why would dinosaurs be so different?

When we first found the skull of T-Rex with its mighty teeth and probably the strongest bite of any land animal ever, we imagined a fierce and stupid beast.

But modern scanning technology has revealed that T-Rex had a larger brain-to-body ratio than some earlier giant meat-eaters.

And it probably had very sharp hearing, vision, and a sense of smell, and was in all likelihood not a stupid animal.

So maybe T-Rex was a cuddly fellow

that spent a lot of time playing around or impressing potential mates when it was not hungry.

Likewise, while their horns and shields might have made Ceratopsids appear to be natural born fighters, they were probably much more than that.

Based on the behavior of modern animals and the complex dances some have to go through to mate, maybe their shields were amazingly colorful.

Maybe it danced for its mates like many birds do today.

How How intensely amazing these creatures must have been.

And what a loss it is to us that we don't get to experience them first hand.

What an even greater loss that there is so much we will never know about them and, even more tragic, all the absurd and beautiful beings that disappeared without a trace.

But such is life.

Time marches on without any concern for our feelings, and the past expands with every moment that passes.

wild animals alive today will in all likelihood not leave fossils behind and also just disappear forever.

We can do something about that though.

Instead of accelerating the extinction we are witnessing, we could become the guardians of life and preserve it where we find it.

If possible in the wild, if not then in museums, movies and in our minds.

Because as amazing as our imagination is and as fascinating to think about the animals that are part of the unknown unknown,

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it is even better to witness them in the present.

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The land that we actually inhabit, where we get to experience life as it happens.

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恐竜の正体を探る物語

過去は神秘的な世界で、恐竜をはじめとする数多くの生物が生きた時代です。このビデオでは、化石の発見や科学的想像力を使って、恐竜の実際の姿や失われた種の可能性について語られています。IELTS スピーキング対策や英語スピーキング練習にも役立つ、リアルな会話のような流れで情報が展開されています。

覚えておきたい便利なフレーズ&コロケーション

the fossil record（化石記録）: 過去の生物を知るための重要な窓口です。
golden era of discovery（発見の黄金時代）: 恐竜研究の現状を表すフレーズです。
ecological niches（生態的ニッチ）: 生物が生息する特定の環境や役割を指します。
soft stuff（柔らかい部分）: 骨以外の体の組織を表す口語的な表現です。

あなたのシャドーイングチャレンジ

さあ、今すぐ shadow speak の練習を始めましょう！ビデオの「Take the dinosaurs...」から「...absurdly」までの部分を選び、shadowing site を使って3回繰り返し聞きながら、声を出して真似してみてください。発音やイントネーション、リズムに注目し、自分の声がネイティブの声に近づくように努力しましょう。この練習は英語スピーキングのスピードや流暢さを上げるのに効果的で、shadow speech の基本を身につけることができます。少しずつでも積み重ねれば、必ず進歩が見られます！

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is still undiscovered · is called · be discovered
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have become · we've found · we've entered

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: What Dinosaurs ACTUALLY Looked Like? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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