シャドーイング練習: What If Gravity Got 1% Stronger Every Second? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Earth's gravity is increasing.

It's getting 1 % more forceful every second.

After only 10 seconds, your head feels too heavy, and your arms and legs are sluggish.

100 seconds later, gravity is twice as strong as normal.

It hurts to walk.

Buildings start buckling under the increased strain.

Two minutes, and you're getting lightheaded.

You're going to black out soon your heart isn't able to pump blood to your brain.

Fifteen minutes later, everything is dead.

And that's just the beginning.

How long until Earth becomes a star?

Or the biggest object in the Universe?

And if Earth keeps growing, does the Universe eventually collapse?

Imagine this gravity is increasing at a rate of 1 % per second,

and only 10 seconds in, everything already feels different.

You're 10 % heavier, and it happens so suddenly you can already feel it.

Your phone feels oddly heavy in your hand.

Lifting your arm feels strange.

Walking feels like trudging through sand.

And you can feel your heart working harder.

It takes extra effort to breathe.

After 30 seconds, gravity is 30 % higher than normal, or 1 .3G.

G for gravity, 1G being normal 100 % gravity, and 1 .3 being 30 % more than normal.

Machines weren't designed to operate here.

Gears and elevators begin binding as their load sensors trip emergency brakes

and cars creak and groan as their suspension is stretched to the max.

Everyday things you take for granted start to break.

Your car won't be undriveable just yet, but airplanes that are built to defy a single G of gravity, they're starting to have problems.

Commercial passenger jets only use about 70 -85 % of their full power on takeoff,

and that leaves a comfortable margin of 15 % to 30 % remaining thrust.

But when gravity is suddenly 30 % higher, the aircraft and everything on it weigh 30 % more.

So that extra weight eats up all the extra power the aircraft has built in.

Now thousands of flights are taking off or landing somewhere at any given moment.

Every aircraft landing instantly crushes its landing here.

And every flight trying to get off the ground, as they max out their engine capacity, any big jet trying to take off in this extra gravity

is going to speed off the end of the runway without getting off the ground.

At 50 seconds, gravity is now 50 % higher than normal.

You now weigh one and a half times your regular weight.

No amount of sit -ups is going to change that.

You can still walk, but it takes real effort.

It's like the feeling you'd get at takeoff if any of those flights could get off the ground.

But it's all over your body, and it's getting stronger.

And this gravity storm is starting to affect the city around you.

Look around.

You'll see balconies sag and windows fracture.

Cracks appear in foundations, and bridges creak under the extra force.

Okay, 100 seconds now, and we're feeling a full 2G, double our current gravity.

Now, thinking about gravity literally crushing us is terrifying, but honestly, sometimes everyday life feels like it's doing that already.

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Now, speaking of heavy things, let's get back to the episode.

Now, despite birds' agility in the air, at 2Gs, it would be impossible for most birds to take flight.

And once they're airborne, most birds aren't designed to carry extra weight.

Now, some big predators, like eagles, can lift 30 to 100 % of their own body weight,

so they'd be able to stay flying longer but as gravity increases, whole flocks of birds would be dropping down to the ground,

exhausted by their own extra weight.

For you, as the seconds tick by and gravity inches past two Gs, even standing is getting hard.

It feels like you're wearing a huge backpack that's crushing you.

Your hip and knee joints are straining with the extra force of your weight.

Walking is becoming very difficult, painful even.

It's like slogging through stiff, wet mud.

Now you have to move twice your normal weight with the same amount of muscle mass.

Your joints haven't evolved to withstand these kind of continuous pressures.

Your heart is working overtime to pump blood through your body.

You've got brain fog.

Not enough blood and oxygen are getting to your brain.

But worse than that, buildings are starting to fail structurally.

Yeah, the mega buildings fall first.

If you're in a big city, you better run, if you still can.

As they begin to distort, these towering walls of glass shed their exteriors,

with windows exploding, raining shattered glass down like a deadly cloudburst.

And between 2 and 3 Gs, most of these soaring wonders are crumbling into the streets and onto the smaller buildings below.

You need to get out of here quick, but at this point, even driving away would be a challenge.

As you gun your car's engine, your tires pop under the extra weight.

The suspension system lifting your car up snaps and collapses.

Even if the engine could handle twice the weight it was designed for, you're scraping along the ground on rapidly deforming rims.

You'd grind to a roaring halt in the middle of the street.

After 200 seconds, just under four minutes, gravity is now at 3G, three times what you're feeling right now.

Every big suspension bridge on Earth is tearing itself apart.

Their massive braided cables are unraveling and snapping.

The energy released sends these steel whips recoiling for kilometers, cutting down everything in their path.

Bridge decks detach and crash down.

All around the world, at any given time, there are about 20 ,000 aircraft in the air.

Including passengers and crew, there can be over one million people up in the sky.

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But with this much gravity exerted on everything, aircraft are so heavy that they can't fly anymore.

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They just don't have enough power to maintain the speed needed to generate the lift to keep them airborne.

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Now, if they haven't already fallen out of the air and happened to be near an airport during this gravity storm, some planes could try to land.

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But landing with over three times their normal weight would be a disaster.

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The minimum airspeed required to keep the aircraft airborne while approaching the airport will suddenly be vastly increased.

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And if they do manage to make it to the runway, they'd be coming down harder than any aircraft was ever designed to survive.

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A fully loaded Boeing 777 weighs 350 ,000 kilograms.

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Now it weighs over 1 million kilograms.

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Touching down fast and heavy, the landing gear will instantly collapse.

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The entire aircraft will shred itself on the tarmac, disintegrating on impact fact.

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If you're lucky, you're traveling by boat.

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Despite the increased gravity, boats are still floating because they float by displacement.

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The increased weight of the boat would be counteracted by the increased weight of the water they displace,

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so the two factors would cancel each other out but Everything on the boat would be heavier, and the structure would be stressed by the extra weight.

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A sailboat would still float, but the rigging would eventually become too heavy.

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The structural design would become overloaded and collapse, and waves would be heavier.

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Eventually, one simple wave would be enough to crush a hull.

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Container ships would snap in half and break apart due to the massive increase in the weight of their cargo.

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They wouldn't be able to handle the extra stress along their enormous length.

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But surviving plane crashes and collapsing, crushing infrastructure would only prolong your life by minutes.

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At around 300 seconds, gravity reaches four times normal.

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As you might imagine, your circulatory system is finely tuned to operate in one G of gravity.

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Your heart pumps about 7 ,500 liters of blood a day.

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That's five liters every minute.

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And it has to pump that blood from the heart through a 97 ,000 kilometer long network of vessels,

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spread out over a vertical rise of anywhere between one and a half meters to two meters, depending on your height.

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This system has a built -in capacity for short -term extreme situations, but at a constant 4 Gs,

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your heart no longer moves your blood properly.

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You just can't keep up.

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Your blood now moves away from your brain and your lungs and pools in your lower extremities.

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You try to fight it, but your arms and legs are useless.

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You feel like they're made of cement.

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Your heart strains and it begins to fail.

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Everything starts to get blurry.

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Your lung muscles are also stressed by the weight of your chest.

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You struggle to breathe.

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By 400 seconds, you're getting close to seven minutes now, and gravity is passing 5 Gs.

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And all along, this new gravity has been pulling on the landscape and Earth itself.

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Areas already susceptible to landslides experience more and more catastrophic slides, even with only slight increases in gravity.

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Mountains that have been quietly eroding for millions of years crack along fault lines and collapse.

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Peaks that have stood for millions of years crumble into the valleys below them.

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Glaciers pick up speed, grinding downhill, flowing faster and faster, and then break up spectacularly.

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Every peak, hill and landmass is stretched and squashed, flatter and flatter.

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On an even bigger scale, remember that Earth's continents are huge puzzle pieces of rocky material floating on a hot semi -liquid mantle.

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Well, the increased levels of gravity would be pulling these floating islands down with incredible force, driving them into the soft mantle.

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As the masses rearranged themselves, the Earth's crust would crack open, and volcanic activity would spread across the globe.

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At 900 seconds, now 15 minutes into this nightmare, gravity is 10 times normal.

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Anything with a circulatory system, every mammal and sea creature is dead.

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But even now, not all life is gone.

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There are still some single -celled bacteria and viruses surviving.

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Life at the microscopic level continues for a while.

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This is the miniscule aquatic tardigrade, the creature voted most likely to survive an apocalypse.

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These tiny and strangely cute water bears,

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as they're nicknamed, can survive punishing conditions that would kill almost every other creature.

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They can dehydrate completely and survive extreme droughts.

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They've even got special proteins that protect their cells from radiation.

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They can survive in the vacuum of space, being frozen to just above absolute zero, or literally being boiled.

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And they can also survive extreme pressures.

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In fact, tardigrades can handle pressure six times greater than the ocean's deepest trenches.

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Eventually though, the tardigrade loses its battle and is crushed alongside everything else.

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Now it might feel like the end of everything,

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but it's really only the beginning of what a 1 % per second increase in gravity will do.

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Extreme gravity isn't done with us yet.

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By the 45 -minute mark, Earth's gravity.. is now equal to the gravity on the surface of the Sun.

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It's hard to imagine the force required to crush down something as solid and unyielding as a continent.

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From space, land masses would now look like an oil slick, slowly spreading itself out over the Earth, and then disappearing.

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Every bit of material on Earth would be pulled toward the lowest point possible.

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Ocean trenches would fill in,

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whole continents break up and slide below sea level until nothing stands above a perfectly level, smooth surface.

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You see, even under tremendous gravitational pull, water is still lighter than rock, so the Earth would, for a time,

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become a smooth ball covered entirely by a shallow sea.

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And not even really that shallow there's enough water on Earth

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that this even sea spread all the way around the globe would still be between two and three kilometers deep.

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It's two miles deep.

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Now a few hours later it's a different story.

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So far Earth has been increasing its gravity by one percent every second but how?

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Well gravity can increase in two different ways.

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The size of Earth can grow increasing its mass and its gravitational force,

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or Earth can remain the same size and just its density increases.

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But density has an upper limit, so even if we replaced all of Earth with some of the heaviest known metals,

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like nickel or iron, we'd only get an Earth with double the gravity.

181

So to increase Earth's gravity by more than double, there needs to be more Earth needs to expand in size.

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Just under 9 hours into this mess, Earth has reached the mass of Jupiter.

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It's not as big as Jupiter, since Jupiter is a gas giant and Earth is a much denser, rocky planet.

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At 412 ,992 seconds ,

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our bigger and heavier Earth contains the mass of more than 13 Jupiters.

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Its gravity is enormous, and the materials deep within the core are beginning to transform under incredible pressure.

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The mass threshold is crossed anywhere between 13 and 80 Jupiters.

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The heavy hydrogen inside our planet, known as deuterium, starts to fuse.

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Intense energy is released, and Earth ignites.

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We become a brown dwarf, a cool -burning celestial object.

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No longer a planet, but not yet a star.

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It takes a whopping 30 .8 days to truly shine.

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Now, Earth is 26 ,612 times as massive as it once was.

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And it's going to change radically again.

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At this size, hydrogen atoms are forced together by the pressure.

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Earth explodes with the energy of a continuous fusion reaction.

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But the gravity is so strong that it holds the power of the explosion together in a massive fireball.

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Congratulations, kid.

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You're a star.

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Impressive.

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But on a universal scale, this isn't the upper limit.

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This Earth star is still tiny.

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At this stage, it's only about 8 % the mass of the Sun, so it's not even close.

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Because the Sun is an absolute monster.

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Compared to us, it has 330 ,000 times our mass.

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It might seem like a small ball in the sky, but you could push 1 .3 million Earths inside its volume.

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Yeah, the Sun holds 99 .86 % of the mass of everything in the Solar System.

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It's going to take over a year of increasing Earth's mass

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by 1 % per second for it to get to the mass of the Sun.

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Then, in another two years, the Earth star is three times the mass of the Sun.

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It takes a minimum mass of three of our Suns to create a black hole.

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But for a living star, the pressure of the gas and heat from the constant fusion reaction keeps it from collapsing and becoming a black hole,

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even at that size, and larger.

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Active stars can be between two and three hundred times the size of the Sun and still not collapse into black holes.

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The current record holder is R136A1 at over 300 times the size of the Sun.

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It burns at 45 ,700 degrees Celsius, eight times as hot as the Sun.

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Black holes are usually formed after spectacular supernova, when a star runs out of fuel and collapses in on itself.

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Burning enormous amounts of hydrogen takes tens of millions of years.

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But our Earth star continues to increase rapidly in gravity and mass by 1 % per second.

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So it's going to reach the size of the largest star in the universe within a mere 300 years,

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which is really just a blink of an eye in the lives of stars, and long before it gets anywhere near burning out.

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Pushing the mass of a living, fully -fueled star past this limit will test the theoretical boundaries of star physics itself.

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As our Earth star gains mass, it's going to burn hotter and faster.

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As it passes the upper limits of star mass,

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it'll either explode spectacularly, or the force of gravity will overcome the force of its fusion reaction, and it'll collapse in on itself,

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creating a massive black hole.

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At this point, the most massive and possibly the brightest star in existence goes out, like a light bulb being flicked off.

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But even this isn't the end.

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Black holes also have mass.

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They vary in size and can continue growing.

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And our black hole, once known as Earth, is still growing at 1 % per second.

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But it's going to have to grow a lot to catch up to some of the bigger objects in the Universe.

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So far, it's just like a fleck of dust.

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It'll take black hole Earth, an almost incomprehensible 60 billion years of this 1 % per second growth,

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to reach the size of the biggest black hole known to science.

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TUN 618 is so big it challenges our understanding of the Universe.

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It has the mass of 60 billion suns.

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It's a two -week journey for light to cross it at the speed of light.

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It's so massive that there hasn't been enough time for something this massive and this old to have formed.

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By our understanding of the laws of physics, it shouldn't exist.

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But it does.

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But there's something even bigger.

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It's going to be another one

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and a half trillion years before black hole Earth grows to the mass of the entire Milky Way galaxy.

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And scaling up monumentally, if our black hole continued to grow at the same steady rate of 1 % per second,

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it would take 79 .6 sextillion years to reach the mass of the observable universe.

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And that's 5 .77 trillion times the current age of the universe.

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But if black hole Earth never stops growing, does the universe itself run out of time?

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If our ever -growing Earth, once a planet, then a star, and now a black hole,

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never stops growing, will it finally be defeated by the limitations of space and time itself?

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Who wins out?

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Forever increasing gravity or a forever increasing universe?

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Best guesses say no, you're never going to cause the collapse of the universe.

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You just can't grow fast enough to overcome all that space being created between you and the rest of the expanding universe.

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Now, gravity increasing 1 % per second is only one way for Earth to be obliterated.

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But there are way more ways that the Earth could be destroyed.

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And if you'd like to see which of them is most likely, click on the video on screen right now and find out

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which of these 12 things could destroy Earth because that's a story for another What If.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What If Gravity Got 1% Stronger Every Second?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：gravity, earth, mass, weight, star。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が258文、単語が3257語あります。音声の長さは24:35です。話す速さは1分あたり約133語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の82%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
collapse 動詞	/kəˈlæps/	潰える, 崩壊する
crush 動詞	/kɹʌʃ/	砕く
weigh 動詞	/weɪ/	重さを計る, 量る
float 動詞	/fləʊt/	浮かぶ, 浮く
monarch 名詞	/ˈmɑnɚk/	君主, 王
crack 名詞	/kɹæk/	ひび, 亀裂
pump 名詞	/pʌmp/	ポンプ, 喞筒
enormous 形容詞	/ɪˈnɔː.məs/	巨大な
continent 名詞	/ˈkɑntɪnənt/	大陸
fusion 名詞	/ˈfjuː.ʒən/	核融合
hydrogen 名詞	/ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/	水素
muscle 名詞	/ˈmʌs.əl/	筋肉, 筋
smooth 形容詞	/smuːð/	スムース
physics 名詞	/ˈfɪz.ɪks/	物理学
passenger 名詞	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	乗客, 旅客

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
get off 動詞	降りる
come down 動詞	降りる
drive away 動詞	退ける, 追い遣る
eat up 動詞	平らげる
find out 動詞	見出す, 調べる
go out 動詞	出る
look around 動詞	見回す
pick up 動詞	拾う, 拾い上げる

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

Two minutes, and you're getting lightheaded.
You'll see balconies sag and windows fracture.
If you're lucky, you're traveling by boat.
You just can't keep up.
You feel like they're made of cement.

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作	has been pulling · has been increasing
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	weren't designed · is stretched · are built
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has built · haven't evolved · haven't already fallen

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, isn't, they'reなど、短縮形や弱形を48回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: smooth /smuːð/, breathe /bɹiːð/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/
「sh」と「zh」の音: crush /kɹʌʃ/, suspension /səˈspɛnʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/, congratulations /kənˌɡɹæt͡ʃəˈleɪʃ(ə)nz/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: continuous /kənˈtɪn.juː.əs/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, congratulations /kənˌɡɹæt͡ʃəˈleɪʃ(ə)nz/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: rapidly /ˈɹæpɪdli/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, congratulations /kənˌɡɹæt͡ʃəˈleɪʃ(ə)nz/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/, everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: float /fləʊt/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/, flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。collapse, crush, weighなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: What If Gravity Got 1% Stronger Every Second? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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