쉐도잉 연습: A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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184 문장
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1
Humans rule Earth without competition.
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But we're about to create something that may change that.
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Our last invention, the most powerful tool, weapon or maybe even entity, artificial superintelligence.
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This sounds like science fiction.
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So let's start at the beginning.
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Intelligence is the ability to learn, reason, acquire knowledge and skills, and use them to solve problems.
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Intelligence is power and we're the species that exploited it the most.
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So much so that humanity broke the game of nature and took control.
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But the journey there wasn't straightforward.
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For most animals, intelligence costs too much energy to be worth it.
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Still, if we track intelligence in the tree of species over time, we can see lots of diverse forms of intelligence emerge.
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The earliest brains were in flatworms 500 million years ago.
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Just a tiny cluster of neurons to handle basic body functions.
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It took hundreds of millions of years for species to diversify and become more complex.
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Life conquered new environments, gained new senses and had to contend with fierce competition over resources.
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But in nature all that matters is survival and brains are expensive.
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So for almost all animals a narrow intelligence fit for a narrow range of tasks was enough.
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In some environments, animals like birds, octopuses and mammals evolved more complex neural structures.
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For them, it paid off to have more energy-consuming skills like advanced navigation and communication.
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Until 7 million years ago, the hominins emerged.
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We don't know why, but their brains grew faster than their relatives.
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Something was different about their intelligence.
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Very slowly, it turned from narrow to general, from a screwdriver to a multi-tool multi-tool, able to think about diverse problems.
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Two million years ago, Homo erectus saw the world differently from anyone before, as something to be understood and transformed.
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They controlled fire, invented tools and created the first culture.
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We probably emerged from them around 250,000 years ago with an even larger and more complex brain.
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It enabled us to work together in large groups and to communicate complex thoughts.
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We used our intelligence to improve our lives, to ask how things work and why things are the way they are.
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With each discovery, we asked more questions and pushed forward, preserving what we learned, outpacing what evolution could do with genes.
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Knowledge builds on knowledge.
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Progress was slow at first and then sped up exponentially.
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Agriculture, writing, medicine, astronomy or philosophy exploded into the world.
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200 years ago science took off and made us even better at learning about the world and speeding up progress.
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35 years ago the internet age began.
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Today we live in a world made to suit our needs, created by us, for us.
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This is incredibly new.
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We forget how hard it was to get here, how enormous the steps on the intelligence ladder were, and how long it took to climb them.
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But once we did, we became the most powerful animal in the world in a heartbeat.
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But we may be in the process of changing this.
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We're building machines that could be better at the very thing that gave us the power to conquer the planet.
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Humanity's final invention.
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Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is software that performs mental tasks with a computer.
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Code that uses silicon instead of neurons to solve problems.
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In the beginning, AI was very simple.
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Lines of code on paper, mere proofs of concept to demonstrate how machines could perform mental tasks.
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Only in the 1960s did we start seeing the first examples of what we would recognize as AI.
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A chatbot in 1964, a program to sort through molecules in 1965.
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Slow, specialized systems requiring experts to use them.
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Their intelligence was extremely narrow, built for a single task inside a controlled environment.
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The equivalent of flatworms 500 million years ago doing the minimum amount of mental work.
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Progress in AI research paused several times when researchers lost hope in the technology.
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But just like changing environments create new niches for life, the world around AI changed.
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Between 1950 and 2000, computers got a billion times faster while programming became easier and widespread.
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In 1972, AI could navigate a room.
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In 1989, it could read handwritten numbers.
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But it remained a fancy tool, no match for humans.
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Until in 1997, an AI shocked the world by beating the world champion in chess, proving that we could build machines that could surpass us.
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But we calmed ourselves because a A chess bot is quite stupid.
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Not a flatworm, but maybe a bee, only able to perform a specialized narrow task.
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But within this narrow task, it's so good that no human will ever again beat AI at chess.
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As computers continued to improve, AI became a powerful tool for more and more tasks.
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In 2004 it drove a robot on Mars.
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In 2011 it began recommending YouTube videos to you.
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But this was only possible because humans broke down problems into easy to digest chunks that computers could solve quickly.
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Until we taught AIs to teach themselves.
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Rise of the self-learning machines.
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This is not a technical video, so we're massively oversimplifying here.
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In a nutshell, the sheer power of supercomputers was combined with the almost endless
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data collected in the information age to make a new generation of AI.
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AI experts began drastically improving forms of AI software called neural networks,
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enormously huge networks of artificial neurons that start out being bad at their tasks.
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They then used machine learning, which is an umbrella term for many different training techniques
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and environments that allows algorithms to write their own code and improve themselves.
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The scary thing is that we don't exactly know how they do it and what happens inside them,
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It's just that it works and that what comes out the other end is a new type of AI.
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A capable black box of code.
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These new AIs could master complex skills extremely quickly with much less human help.
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They were still narrow intelligences, but a huge step up.
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In 2014, Facebook AI could identify faces with 97% accuracy.
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In 2016, an AI beat the best humans in the incredibly complex game of Go.
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In 2018, a self-learning AI learned chess in four hours just by playing against itself, and then defeated the best specialized chess bot.
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Since then, machine learning has been applied to reading, image processing, solving tests and much more.
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Many of these AIs are already better than humans for whatever narrow task they were trained, but they still remained a simple tool.
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AI still didn't seem that big of a deal for most people.
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Then came the chatbot ChatGPT.
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The work that went into it is massive.
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It trained on nearly everything written on the internet to learn how to handle language, which it now does better than most people.
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It can summarize, translate and help with some maths problems.
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It's incredibly more broad than any other system just a few years ago, not crushing any single benchmark, but all of them at once.
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Many large tech companies are spending billions to build powerful competitors.
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AI is already transforming customer service, banking, healthcare, marketing, copywriting, creative spaces and more.
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AI-generated content has already taken hold of social media, YouTube and news websites.
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Elections are expected to be inundated by propaganda and misinformation.
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No one is sure how much good or harm can come from adopting AI everywhere.
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Change is scary.
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There will be winners and losers.
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One of the biggest questions governments and corporations have now is how to manage the transition to an AI-boosted economy.
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All these potential gains or risks are just the result of today's AI.
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ChatGPT's intelligence is a major step up, but it remains narrow.
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While it can write a great essay in seconds, it doesn't understand what it's writing.
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But what if the AIs stopped being narrow?
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General AI What makes humans different from current AI is our general intelligence.
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Humans can technically absorb any piece of knowledge and start working on any problem.
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We're great at many very different skills and tasks, from playing chess to writing or solving science puzzles.
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Not equally, of course.
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Some of us are experts in some fields and beginners in others, but we can technically do all of them.
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In the past, AI was narrow and able to become good at one skill, but was rather bad in all the others.
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Simply by building faster computers and pouring more money into AI training will get us new, more powerful generations of AI.
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But what if the next step for AI is to become a general intelligence like us?
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An AGI.
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If the AI improvement process continues as it has been, it's not unlikely that AGI could be better in most or even all skills that humans can do.
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We don't know how to build AGI, how it will work, or what it will be able to do.
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Since narrow AIs today are capable of mastering one mental task quickly, AGI might be able to do the same with all mental tasks.
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So even if it starts out stupid, an AGI might be able to become as smart and capable as a human.
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While this sounds like science fiction, most AI researchers think this will happen sometime this century, maybe already in a few years.
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Humanity is not ready for what will happen next, not socially, not economically, not morally.
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Earlier we defined intelligence as the ability to learn, reason, acquire knowledge and skills and use them to solve problems,
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all things humans excel at.
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An AGI as intelligent as even an average human would already disrupt modern civilization
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because they are not bound by the same limitations as we are.
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Today's These AIs like ChatGPT already think
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and solve the tasks they were made for at least 10 times faster than even very skilled humans.
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Maybe HEI will be slower, but it may also be faster, maybe much faster.
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And since HEIs are software, you could copy them endlessly as long as you have enough storage and run them in parallel.
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There are 8 million scientists in the world.
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Now imagine an HEI copied a million times and put to work.
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One million scientists working 24-7, thinking 10 times faster than humans, without being distracted, only focused on the task they've been given.
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What if, suddenly, AGI could do all intelligence-based jobs in the world, from interpreting law, to coding, to creating animated YouTube videos,
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better, faster and much cheaper than humans?
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Would whoever controls this AGI suddenly own the economy?
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And thinking bigger, human progress is our intelligence applied to problems.
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So what could a million AGI's achieve?
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Solve fundamental questions of science, like dark energy.
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Invent new technology that gives us limitless energy, fix climate change, cure aging and cancer.
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But then again, sadly, humans apply their intelligence not just for the benefit of all.
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What if the AGI's are tasked to guide drones or pull the triggers in war?
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Or to engineer a virus that only kills people with green eyes?
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Or to create the most profitable social media so addictive that people starve in front of their screens?
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The creation of AGI could reasonably be as big of an event as taming fire
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or electricity and give whoever invents it equally as much power.
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But now let's go one step further.
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What if the potential of AGI doesn't stop here?
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Intelligence Explosion.
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Intelligence and knowledge build and accelerate each other, but humans are limited by biology and evolution.
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Once we evolved the right hardware, our software outpaced evolution by orders of magnitude, and within a heartbeat we ruled this planet.
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But our software basically hasn't changed much since then, which is why we have obesity and destroy the climate for short-term gains.
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Since AGI is software on a computer, once it's smart enough to do AI research, the rate of AI progress should speed up a lot.
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And that results in better AI that's better at AI research without much human involvement.
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It may even be possible that AI could learn how to directly improve itself, in which case some experts fear this feedback loop could be incredibly fast.
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Maybe just months or years after the first self-improving AGI is switched on.
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Maybe it would actually take decades.
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We simply don't know.
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This is all speculative.
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But such an intelligence explosion might lead to a true super-intelligent entity.
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We don't know what such a being would look like, what its motives or goals would be, what would go on in its inner world.
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We could be as laughably stupid to a super-intelligence as squirrels are to us, unable to even comprehend its way of thinking.
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This hypothetical scenario keeps many people up at night.
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Humanity is the only example we have of an animal becoming smarter than all others, and we have not been kind to what we perceive as less intelligent beings.
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AGI might be the last invention of humanity.
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It's possible that it could become the most intelligent and therefore most powerful being on Earth.
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A god in a box that could exercise its power to bring unimaginable wealth and happiness to humans while securing our future.
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it could subvert civilization and bring about our end, with humanity unable to come up with a way to stop it.
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We'll look at some of these potential futures in more videos, but for now, let's wrap up.
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The only thing we know for sure is that today, right now, many of the largest and richest companies in the world are racing to create ever more powerful AIs.
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Whatever our future is, we are running towards it.
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Who knows how long we have until we must confront our AI future.
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Luckily, you still have plenty of time to prepare for it, if you're learning on Brilliant, that is.
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Brilliant will make you a better thinker and problem solver in just minutes a day,
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with thousands of bite-sized, hands-on lessons on just about anything you may be curious about, including AI.
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Their latest course, How LLMs Work, takes you under the hood of real language models models.
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It demystifies technologies like ChatGPT with interactive lessons on everything from how models build vocabulary to how they choose their next word.
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You'll learn how to tune LLMs to produce output with exactly your desired tonality, whether it's poetry or a cover letter.
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And you'll understand why training is really everything by comparing models trained on Taylor Swift lyrics
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and the legal speech of Big Tech's terms and conditions.
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It's an immersive AI workshop allowing you to experience and harness the mechanics of today's most advanced tool.
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We've also partnered with Brilliant to create a series of lessons to take your scientific knowledge to the next level.
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These lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular videos, from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and supernovae.
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Each lesson on Brilliant is interactive, like a one-on-one version of a Kurzgesagt video.
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And you can get started whenever, wherever, right from whatever device you'd like.
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To get hands-on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything Brilliant has to offer, from AI and programming to maths,
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science and beyond, start your free 30-day trial by signing up at brilliant.org slash nutshell.
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There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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Anyone signing up through our link will get 20% off an annual membership once their trial ends.
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Thank you.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: intelligence, task, Agi, narrow. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 184개와 단어 2575개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 16:42입니다. 화자는 분당 약 154단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 81%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| chess 명사 | /t͡ʃɛs/ | 체스, 서양장기 |
| neuron 명사 | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | 신경 세포 |
| invention 명사 | /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ | 발명 |
| chatbot 명사 | /ˈtʃætbɑt/ | 챗봇 |
| flatworm 명사 | /ˈflæt.wəɹm/ | 편형동물 |
| heartbeat 명사 | /ˈhɑɹtˌbit/ | 심박 |
| conquer 동사 | /ˈkɑŋkɚ/ | 정복하다 |
| researcher 명사 | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | 연구원, 연구자 |
| civilization 명사 | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | 문명 |
| transform 동사 | /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/ | 변형시키다, 변형하다 |
| interactive 형용사 | /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/ | 인터랙티브 |
| mammal 명사 | /ˈmæməl/ | 포유류 |
| invent 동사 | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | 발명하다 |
| hypothetical 형용사 | /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/ | 가설적 |
| astronomy 명사 | /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/ | 천문학 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| come out 동사 | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | 나오다 |
| take off 동사 | 벗다 | |
| wrap up 동사 | 시마이치다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | be understood · was combined · has been applied |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has been applied · has already taken · has been |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | learning, which is · then, which is |
주의할 발음
화자는 don't, we're, doesn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 22번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, benchmark /ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, astronomy /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: flatworm /ˈflæt.wəɹm/, transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/, confront /kənˈfɹʌnt/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, fierce /fɪɹs/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, loser /luzɚ/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, chess, neuron, invention 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.