Prática de Shadowing: A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Humans rule Earth without competition.
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But we're about to create something that may change that.
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Our last invention, the most powerful tool, weapon or maybe even entity, artificial superintelligence.
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This sounds like science fiction.
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So let's start at the beginning.
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Intelligence is the ability to learn, reason, acquire knowledge and skills, and use them to solve problems.
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Intelligence is power and we're the species that exploited it the most.
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So much so that humanity broke the game of nature and took control.
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But the journey there wasn't straightforward.
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For most animals, intelligence costs too much energy to be worth it.
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Still, if we track intelligence in the tree of species over time, we can see lots of diverse forms of intelligence emerge.
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The earliest brains were in flatworms 500 million years ago.
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Just a tiny cluster of neurons to handle basic body functions.
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It took hundreds of millions of years for species to diversify and become more complex.
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Life conquered new environments, gained new senses and had to contend with fierce competition over resources.
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But in nature all that matters is survival and brains are expensive.
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So for almost all animals a narrow intelligence fit for a narrow range of tasks was enough.
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In some environments, animals like birds, octopuses and mammals evolved more complex neural structures.
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For them, it paid off to have more energy-consuming skills like advanced navigation and communication.
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Until 7 million years ago, the hominins emerged.
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We don't know why, but their brains grew faster than their relatives.
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Something was different about their intelligence.
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Very slowly, it turned from narrow to general, from a screwdriver to a multi-tool multi-tool, able to think about diverse problems.
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Two million years ago, Homo erectus saw the world differently from anyone before, as something to be understood and transformed.
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They controlled fire, invented tools and created the first culture.
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We probably emerged from them around 250,000 years ago with an even larger and more complex brain.
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It enabled us to work together in large groups and to communicate complex thoughts.
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We used our intelligence to improve our lives, to ask how things work and why things are the way they are.
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With each discovery, we asked more questions and pushed forward, preserving what we learned, outpacing what evolution could do with genes.
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Knowledge builds on knowledge.
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Progress was slow at first and then sped up exponentially.
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Agriculture, writing, medicine, astronomy or philosophy exploded into the world.
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200 years ago science took off and made us even better at learning about the world and speeding up progress.
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35 years ago the internet age began.
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Today we live in a world made to suit our needs, created by us, for us.
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This is incredibly new.
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We forget how hard it was to get here, how enormous the steps on the intelligence ladder were, and how long it took to climb them.
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But once we did, we became the most powerful animal in the world in a heartbeat.
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But we may be in the process of changing this.
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We're building machines that could be better at the very thing that gave us the power to conquer the planet.
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Humanity's final invention.
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Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is software that performs mental tasks with a computer.
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Code that uses silicon instead of neurons to solve problems.
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In the beginning, AI was very simple.
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Lines of code on paper, mere proofs of concept to demonstrate how machines could perform mental tasks.
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Only in the 1960s did we start seeing the first examples of what we would recognize as AI.
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A chatbot in 1964, a program to sort through molecules in 1965.
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Slow, specialized systems requiring experts to use them.
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Their intelligence was extremely narrow, built for a single task inside a controlled environment.
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The equivalent of flatworms 500 million years ago doing the minimum amount of mental work.
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Progress in AI research paused several times when researchers lost hope in the technology.
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But just like changing environments create new niches for life, the world around AI changed.
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Between 1950 and 2000, computers got a billion times faster while programming became easier and widespread.
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In 1972, AI could navigate a room.
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In 1989, it could read handwritten numbers.
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But it remained a fancy tool, no match for humans.
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Until in 1997, an AI shocked the world by beating the world champion in chess, proving that we could build machines that could surpass us.
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But we calmed ourselves because a A chess bot is quite stupid.
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Not a flatworm, but maybe a bee, only able to perform a specialized narrow task.
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But within this narrow task, it's so good that no human will ever again beat AI at chess.
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As computers continued to improve, AI became a powerful tool for more and more tasks.
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In 2004 it drove a robot on Mars.
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In 2011 it began recommending YouTube videos to you.
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But this was only possible because humans broke down problems into easy to digest chunks that computers could solve quickly.
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Until we taught AIs to teach themselves.
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Rise of the self-learning machines.
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This is not a technical video, so we're massively oversimplifying here.
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In a nutshell, the sheer power of supercomputers was combined with the almost endless
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data collected in the information age to make a new generation of AI.
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AI experts began drastically improving forms of AI software called neural networks,
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enormously huge networks of artificial neurons that start out being bad at their tasks.
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They then used machine learning, which is an umbrella term for many different training techniques
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and environments that allows algorithms to write their own code and improve themselves.
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The scary thing is that we don't exactly know how they do it and what happens inside them,
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It's just that it works and that what comes out the other end is a new type of AI.
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A capable black box of code.
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These new AIs could master complex skills extremely quickly with much less human help.
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They were still narrow intelligences, but a huge step up.
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In 2014, Facebook AI could identify faces with 97% accuracy.
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In 2016, an AI beat the best humans in the incredibly complex game of Go.
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In 2018, a self-learning AI learned chess in four hours just by playing against itself, and then defeated the best specialized chess bot.
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Since then, machine learning has been applied to reading, image processing, solving tests and much more.
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Many of these AIs are already better than humans for whatever narrow task they were trained, but they still remained a simple tool.
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AI still didn't seem that big of a deal for most people.
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Then came the chatbot ChatGPT.
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The work that went into it is massive.
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It trained on nearly everything written on the internet to learn how to handle language, which it now does better than most people.
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It can summarize, translate and help with some maths problems.
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It's incredibly more broad than any other system just a few years ago, not crushing any single benchmark, but all of them at once.
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Many large tech companies are spending billions to build powerful competitors.
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AI is already transforming customer service, banking, healthcare, marketing, copywriting, creative spaces and more.
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AI-generated content has already taken hold of social media, YouTube and news websites.
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Elections are expected to be inundated by propaganda and misinformation.
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No one is sure how much good or harm can come from adopting AI everywhere.
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Change is scary.
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There will be winners and losers.
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One of the biggest questions governments and corporations have now is how to manage the transition to an AI-boosted economy.
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All these potential gains or risks are just the result of today's AI.
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ChatGPT's intelligence is a major step up, but it remains narrow.
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While it can write a great essay in seconds, it doesn't understand what it's writing.
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But what if the AIs stopped being narrow?
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General AI What makes humans different from current AI is our general intelligence.
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Humans can technically absorb any piece of knowledge and start working on any problem.
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We're great at many very different skills and tasks, from playing chess to writing or solving science puzzles.
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Not equally, of course.
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Some of us are experts in some fields and beginners in others, but we can technically do all of them.
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In the past, AI was narrow and able to become good at one skill, but was rather bad in all the others.
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Simply by building faster computers and pouring more money into AI training will get us new, more powerful generations of AI.
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But what if the next step for AI is to become a general intelligence like us?
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An AGI.
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If the AI improvement process continues as it has been, it's not unlikely that AGI could be better in most or even all skills that humans can do.
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We don't know how to build AGI, how it will work, or what it will be able to do.
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Since narrow AIs today are capable of mastering one mental task quickly, AGI might be able to do the same with all mental tasks.
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So even if it starts out stupid, an AGI might be able to become as smart and capable as a human.
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While this sounds like science fiction, most AI researchers think this will happen sometime this century, maybe already in a few years.
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Humanity is not ready for what will happen next, not socially, not economically, not morally.
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Earlier we defined intelligence as the ability to learn, reason, acquire knowledge and skills and use them to solve problems,
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all things humans excel at.
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An AGI as intelligent as even an average human would already disrupt modern civilization
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because they are not bound by the same limitations as we are.
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Today's These AIs like ChatGPT already think
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and solve the tasks they were made for at least 10 times faster than even very skilled humans.
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Maybe HEI will be slower, but it may also be faster, maybe much faster.
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And since HEIs are software, you could copy them endlessly as long as you have enough storage and run them in parallel.
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There are 8 million scientists in the world.
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Now imagine an HEI copied a million times and put to work.
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One million scientists working 24-7, thinking 10 times faster than humans, without being distracted, only focused on the task they've been given.
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What if, suddenly, AGI could do all intelligence-based jobs in the world, from interpreting law, to coding, to creating animated YouTube videos,
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better, faster and much cheaper than humans?
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Would whoever controls this AGI suddenly own the economy?
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And thinking bigger, human progress is our intelligence applied to problems.
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So what could a million AGI's achieve?
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Solve fundamental questions of science, like dark energy.
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Invent new technology that gives us limitless energy, fix climate change, cure aging and cancer.
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But then again, sadly, humans apply their intelligence not just for the benefit of all.
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What if the AGI's are tasked to guide drones or pull the triggers in war?
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Or to engineer a virus that only kills people with green eyes?
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Or to create the most profitable social media so addictive that people starve in front of their screens?
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The creation of AGI could reasonably be as big of an event as taming fire
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or electricity and give whoever invents it equally as much power.
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But now let's go one step further.
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What if the potential of AGI doesn't stop here?
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Intelligence Explosion.
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Intelligence and knowledge build and accelerate each other, but humans are limited by biology and evolution.
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Once we evolved the right hardware, our software outpaced evolution by orders of magnitude, and within a heartbeat we ruled this planet.
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But our software basically hasn't changed much since then, which is why we have obesity and destroy the climate for short-term gains.
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Since AGI is software on a computer, once it's smart enough to do AI research, the rate of AI progress should speed up a lot.
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And that results in better AI that's better at AI research without much human involvement.
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It may even be possible that AI could learn how to directly improve itself, in which case some experts fear this feedback loop could be incredibly fast.
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Maybe just months or years after the first self-improving AGI is switched on.
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Maybe it would actually take decades.
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We simply don't know.
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This is all speculative.
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But such an intelligence explosion might lead to a true super-intelligent entity.
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We don't know what such a being would look like, what its motives or goals would be, what would go on in its inner world.
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We could be as laughably stupid to a super-intelligence as squirrels are to us, unable to even comprehend its way of thinking.
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This hypothetical scenario keeps many people up at night.
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Humanity is the only example we have of an animal becoming smarter than all others, and we have not been kind to what we perceive as less intelligent beings.
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AGI might be the last invention of humanity.
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It's possible that it could become the most intelligent and therefore most powerful being on Earth.
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A god in a box that could exercise its power to bring unimaginable wealth and happiness to humans while securing our future.
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it could subvert civilization and bring about our end, with humanity unable to come up with a way to stop it.
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We'll look at some of these potential futures in more videos, but for now, let's wrap up.
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The only thing we know for sure is that today, right now, many of the largest and richest companies in the world are racing to create ever more powerful AIs.
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Whatever our future is, we are running towards it.
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Who knows how long we have until we must confront our AI future.
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Luckily, you still have plenty of time to prepare for it, if you're learning on Brilliant, that is.
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Brilliant will make you a better thinker and problem solver in just minutes a day,
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with thousands of bite-sized, hands-on lessons on just about anything you may be curious about, including AI.
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Their latest course, How LLMs Work, takes you under the hood of real language models models.
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It demystifies technologies like ChatGPT with interactive lessons on everything from how models build vocabulary to how they choose their next word.
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You'll learn how to tune LLMs to produce output with exactly your desired tonality, whether it's poetry or a cover letter.
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And you'll understand why training is really everything by comparing models trained on Taylor Swift lyrics
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and the legal speech of Big Tech's terms and conditions.
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It's an immersive AI workshop allowing you to experience and harness the mechanics of today's most advanced tool.
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We've also partnered with Brilliant to create a series of lessons to take your scientific knowledge to the next level.
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These lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular videos, from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and supernovae.
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Each lesson on Brilliant is interactive, like a one-on-one version of a Kurzgesagt video.
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And you can get started whenever, wherever, right from whatever device you'd like.
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To get hands-on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything Brilliant has to offer, from AI and programming to maths,
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science and beyond, start your free 30-day trial by signing up at brilliant.org slash nutshell.
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There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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Anyone signing up through our link will get 20% off an annual membership once their trial ends.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: intelligence, task, Agi, narrow. Este vídeo tem 184 frases e 2575 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 16:42. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 154 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| chess substantivo | /t͡ʃɛs/ | xadrez |
| neuron substantivo | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurônio, neurónio |
| specialize verbo | /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/ | especializar |
| emerge verbo | /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ | emergir |
| invention substantivo | /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ | invenção |
| chatbot substantivo | /ˈtʃætbɑt/ | chatbot |
| flatworm substantivo | /ˈflæt.wəɹm/ | platelminto |
| nutshell substantivo | /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/ | casca de noz |
| heartbeat substantivo | /ˈhɑɹtˌbit/ | batida de coração |
| neural adjetivo | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| conquer verbo | /ˈkɑŋkɚ/ | conquistar |
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desenvolver, elaborar |
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| civilization substantivo | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | civilização |
| transform verbo | /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/ | transformar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| come out verbo | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | sair, partir |
| come up with verbo | pensar (em), alcançar | |
| get off verbo | sair | |
| sign up verbo | subscrever | |
| take off verbo | tirar | |
| wrap up verbo | embrulhar, empacotar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | be understood · was combined · has been applied |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has been applied · has already taken · has been |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | learning, which is · then, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 22 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, we're, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, benchmark /ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, astronomy /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: chatbot /ˈtʃætbɑt/, heartbeat /ˈhɑɹtˌbit/, animate /ˈæn.ə.mət/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, benchmark /ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, neural /ˈnʊɹəl/, mammal /ˈmæməl/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, molecule /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: heartbeat /ˈhɑɹtˌbit/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/, comprehend /ˌkɑmpɹɪˈhɛnd/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como chess, neuron, specialize.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.