쉐도잉 연습: Did Prophet Muhammadﷺ Really Exist? What Historians Actually Say About the Evidence - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Did Muhammad really exist?

Now you might think this was a silly question

but in fact online now on YouTube an increasing number of videos have been made mainly I think by missionary

Christians from a certain background questioning his existence.

So I thought I'd just do a brief video just surveying

the historical evidence from a reputable historian just to see what the truth of the matter is

and I'll just turn again to the wonderful Jonathan AC Brown

book Mohammed a very short introduction he's a recognized expert on

this subject chosen by Oxford University Press to share with its

readers the truth about Mohammed from an historian's point of view

so I'll just share with you this very question did Mohammed really exist revisionist history

that's how this section of the book is entitled.

I'll just read to you what Jonathan Brown has to say.

Now he gives a long survey at the beginning about the problems

that some people see with establishing the existence of Muhammad as an historical person

and then he concludes with what mainstream historians are saying about this subject.

Modern historians have generally concluded that by reading the Sira in light of the various influences and agendas pursued within the text,

we can sift out forged reports.

Looking at the material that remains, we can retrieve an authentic kernel that represents the historical reality of Muhammad's career.

According to this mainstream scholarly opinion, scepticism about the details of the Sira should not lead us to doubt its overall narrative.

Some Western historians however have called for more extreme scepticism towards Muslim sources.

Known as revisionist historians these scholars point out

that we have no detailed history for Islam or biography of Muhammad for some 150 years after his death.

Moreover, what we do have is all written by Muslims.

These Muslims thus had over a century to manufacture whatever history they wanted about Muhammad and his faith.

How then can we trust any

Muslim version of his life or the origins of Islam?

How do we know that Muhammad even existed?

In a controversial 1977 book entitled Hagerism, the historians Patricia Crone and Michael Cook argued

that we can circumvent these challenges by relying on non -Muslim sources to reconstruct the origins of Islam.

Not only were such sources not biased towards glorifying Muhammad,

they were also much older than our earliest Muslim histories.

Using Christian sources such as the writings of an Armenian bishop named Sibius from the 1660s CE,

Cook and Crone contended that

Islam was really a form of late messianic Judaism.

Awakened to the Abrahamic roots, Mohammed

and the Arabs had joined with the Jews of the Hijaz in an apocalyptic movement to retake the Abrahamic homeland of Palestine.

Crook and Crone conclude from Christian sources that Mohammed was in fact still alive during the Muslim conquest of Syria.

The scholar John Walnsborough also argued that we can never locate the factual kernel of the historical Muhammad.

All we can discover is the sacred history constructed by the Muslim community as it gelled in the late 700s

and early 800s.

In his books Quranic studies and the sectarian milieu

Walnsborough argues that it was at this time

that the Muslims constructed the Quran and the Sira to create a religious vision anchored in 7th century Arabia.

The life of Mohammed and the Quran were merely cobbled together from elements drawn from the ancient

Near Eastern religious heritage.

Based on archaeological evidence, the Israeli historian Yehuda Nivo argued that

Islam was originally a form of vague monotheism which only solidified into its Mohammedan form after 692 AD.

He points to a papyrus tax receipt from Egypt dated

22 hijri which begins with the formula in the name of god but makes no mention of muhammad.

nevo states

that we do not see the phrase mentioning muhammad until a

coin minted in damascus in 72 hijri with the phrase muhammad is the messenger of god

and then jonathan brown puts in brackets in fact

there is an earlier coin mentioning his name issued in 66

hijri after 692 however muhammad's name appears regularly in umayyad coins

and monumental inscriptions the person of muhammad before

that time nebo concludes must not have been a significant part of islam

so nebo concludes that muhammad was not a significant part of islam at all.

Most modern scholars however object to the revisionist recasting of Muhammad and the origins of Islam.

In other words they reject these revisionist theories.

First of all how were Muslims able to orchestrate a conspiracy as massive as rewriting the entire first century of their history?

We must remember that during this time the Muslim community was wracked by civil wars and sectarian strife.

Warring Umayyad, Kharijite, Shiite and Abbasid Muslims could not agree on anything let alone join forces to rewrite their collective history.

As for the absence of archaeological evidence naming Muhammad before 691, it is not conclusive.

Just because no earlier coins or evidence have survived does not mean they did not exist.

Perhaps the Arabs continued their tradition of oral commemoration and did not record such things in written form.

Finally, the Quran itself is the most conclusive evidence that the Muslim narrative of Muhammad's mission is reliable in its overall structure.

Unlike the Sira, the Quran bears no traces of civil war or sectarian propaganda.

It never mentions Ali, Abu Bakr or the Umayyads.

Furthermore, there are no conflicting versions of the Quran.

If the Quran was not affected by these forces,

it must have taken permanent form before them this means

that the Quran consists of material dating back to the time of the prophet

or soon after his death one person the Quran does mention by name is Muhammad urging his followers over

and over again to obey God and his messenger Muhammad thus seems to have been very important to Islam indeed.

We must also be cautious of uncritically accepting Christian descriptions of Muhammad's teachings.

Christian writers may not have been biased towards Muhammad but they were certainly not objective observers.

They were describing the faith of the armies that had just steamrolled over them so it is not surprising that they saw

Islam and Mohammed in an inexact light.

To rely solely on these Christian sources in writing the history

of Mohammed would be like writing a history of the Soviet Union during the Cold War using only American newspapers.

I think that's a rather clever analogy.

More importantly viewed together these early non -Muslim sources paint a picture of Islam

that does not actually differ markedly from the major themes of the Muslim version.

The Greek historian of the first century before the common era

Diodorus mentions a temple in the Hejaz honoured by the peoples of Arabia

and the second century AD Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy mentions the Arabian towns of Yathripa and Mecoraba.

Sound familiar?

We thus know that Mecca and Yathrib and most likely the Kaaba existed long before Islam.

Moreover, the Jewish historian Josephus, who died in the first century AD,

tells us that it had long been held that the Arabs were the descendants of Abraham through Ishmael.

Non -Muslim sources certainly leave leave no doubt

that a prophetic figure named Muhammad existed and they provide an unsurprising description of what he meant to his followers.

An anti -Jewish Christian text written in 634 just two years

after Muhammad's death notes how the armies of an Arabian prophet had conquered Palestine.

Writing in the year 687, the Mesopotamian Christian monk John of Fanak wrote

that the Muslims considered Muhammad to be their guide

and instructor who taught the Arabs to worship the one god in accordance with ancient law.

100

He remarks how strictly they kept to the tradition of Muhammad.

101

Another mid -8th century Syriac Christian writer tells us that Muhammad went on caravan journeys to Syria as a youth.

102

An anonymous chronicle written in the mid 700s in the Zoukine

103

Monastery in northern Mesopotamia calls Muhammad the first king of Arabs who considered him a prophet

104

because he turned them in from polytheism to worship of the one God.

105

Muhammad gave them laws and they called him the messenger of God."

106

So clearly there is an abundance of very early reliable evidence from non -Muslim sources and Muslim sources.

107

The Qur 'an itself names Muhammad.

108

The Qur 'an is now securely dated in the form even

109

that we have it today back to the even the lifetime of the prophet

110

or very shortly after his death according to the majority view of western scholars

111

and obviously muslim scholars too so

112

if you were to come across any youtube videos

113

or any other missionary propaganda casting doubt on muhammad's existence

114

i do recommend you get a good reliable scholarly analysis of the facts

115

from a world -class academic publisher to get the reliable factual information and not rely on missionary propaganda.

116

Till next time.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Did Prophet Muhammadﷺ Really Exist? What Historians Actually Say About the Evidence”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: muhammad, muslim, islam, sources, historian. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 116개와 단어 1489개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 11:49입니다. 화자는 분당 약 126단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 73%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
historian 명사	/hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/	역사학자, 력사학자
scholar 명사	/ˈskɑlɚ/	학생
argue 동사	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	논하다, 의논하다
reliable 형용사	/ɹɪˈlaɪəbl̩/	믿음직스럽다
coin 명사	/ˈkoɪ̯n/	동전, 코인
prophet 명사	/ˈpɹɑ.fɪt/	선지자, 예언자
rely 동사	/ɹɪˈlaɪ/	의지(依支)하다
messenger 명사	/ˈmɛs.ən.d͡ʒɚ/	사자, 메신저
narrative 명사	/ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/	설화, 이야기
phrase 명사	/ˈfɹeɪ̯z/	어구, 구
worship 명사	/ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/	예배, 숭배
bias 명사	/ˈbaɪ.əs/	편견
moreover 부사	/mɔːˈɹəʊ.və/	게다가, 더욱이
factual 형용사	/ˈfæk.tʃ(u)əl/	사실(事實)의
kernel 명사	/ˈkɝ.nəl/	핵심

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
point out 동사	가리키다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	have been made · is entitled · were merely cobbled
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have been made · have generally concluded · have called

주의할 발음

화자는 I'll, I'd 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 4번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, authentic /ɔˈθɛn.tɪk/, monotheism /ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈθiɪzm̩/, polytheism /pɒl.ɪˈθiː.ɪz.əm/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, conspiracy /kənˈspɪɹəsi/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/, anonymous /əˈnɒn.ə.məs/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: prophet /ˈpɹɑ.fɪt/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, factual /ˈfæk.tʃ(u)əl/, follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, formula /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.lə/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/, moreover /mɔːˈɹəʊ.və/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, collective /kəˈlɛktɪv/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, skepticism /ˈskɛp.tɪˌsɪ.zəm/, monotheism /ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈθiɪzm̩/, polytheism /pɒl.ɪˈθiː.ɪz.əm/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, historian, scholar, argue 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: Did Prophet Muhammadﷺ Really Exist? What Historians Actually Say About the Evidence - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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