Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Did Prophet Muhammadﷺ Really Exist? What Historians Actually Say About the Evidence
Chọn chế độ luyện tập
Mỗi chế độ mở một phòng luyện tập toàn màn hình.
116 câu
Nếu các câu quá ngắn hoặc quá dài, hãy bấm Edit để chỉnh sửa.
1
Did Muhammad really exist?
2
Now you might think this was a silly question
3
but in fact online now on YouTube an increasing number of videos have been made mainly I think by missionary
4
Christians from a certain background questioning his existence.
5
So I thought I'd just do a brief video just surveying
6
the historical evidence from a reputable historian just to see what the truth of the matter is
7
and I'll just turn again to the wonderful Jonathan AC Brown
8
book Mohammed a very short introduction he's a recognized expert on
9
this subject chosen by Oxford University Press to share with its
10
readers the truth about Mohammed from an historian's point of view
11
so I'll just share with you this very question did Mohammed really exist revisionist history
12
that's how this section of the book is entitled.
13
I'll just read to you what Jonathan Brown has to say.
14
Now he gives a long survey at the beginning about the problems
15
that some people see with establishing the existence of Muhammad as an historical person
16
and then he concludes with what mainstream historians are saying about this subject.
17
Modern historians have generally concluded that by reading the Sira in light of the various influences and agendas pursued within the text,
18
we can sift out forged reports.
19
Looking at the material that remains, we can retrieve an authentic kernel that represents the historical reality of Muhammad's career.
20
According to this mainstream scholarly opinion, scepticism about the details of the Sira should not lead us to doubt its overall narrative.
21
Some Western historians however have called for more extreme scepticism towards Muslim sources.
22
Known as revisionist historians these scholars point out
23
that we have no detailed history for Islam or biography of Muhammad for some 150 years after his death.
24
Moreover, what we do have is all written by Muslims.
25
These Muslims thus had over a century to manufacture whatever history they wanted about Muhammad and his faith.
26
How then can we trust any
27
Muslim version of his life or the origins of Islam?
28
How do we know that Muhammad even existed?
29
In a controversial 1977 book entitled Hagerism, the historians Patricia Crone and Michael Cook argued
30
that we can circumvent these challenges by relying on non -Muslim sources to reconstruct the origins of Islam.
31
Not only were such sources not biased towards glorifying Muhammad,
32
they were also much older than our earliest Muslim histories.
33
Using Christian sources such as the writings of an Armenian bishop named Sibius from the 1660s CE,
34
Cook and Crone contended that
35
Islam was really a form of late messianic Judaism.
36
Awakened to the Abrahamic roots, Mohammed
37
and the Arabs had joined with the Jews of the Hijaz in an apocalyptic movement to retake the Abrahamic homeland of Palestine.
38
Crook and Crone conclude from Christian sources that Mohammed was in fact still alive during the Muslim conquest of Syria.
39
The scholar John Walnsborough also argued that we can never locate the factual kernel of the historical Muhammad.
40
All we can discover is the sacred history constructed by the Muslim community as it gelled in the late 700s
41
and early 800s.
42
In his books Quranic studies and the sectarian milieu
43
Walnsborough argues that it was at this time
44
that the Muslims constructed the Quran and the Sira to create a religious vision anchored in 7th century Arabia.
45
The life of Mohammed and the Quran were merely cobbled together from elements drawn from the ancient
46
Near Eastern religious heritage.
47
Based on archaeological evidence, the Israeli historian Yehuda Nivo argued that
48
Islam was originally a form of vague monotheism which only solidified into its Mohammedan form after 692 AD.
49
He points to a papyrus tax receipt from Egypt dated
50
22 hijri which begins with the formula in the name of god but makes no mention of muhammad.
51
nevo states
52
that we do not see the phrase mentioning muhammad until a
53
coin minted in damascus in 72 hijri with the phrase muhammad is the messenger of god
54
and then jonathan brown puts in brackets in fact
55
there is an earlier coin mentioning his name issued in 66
56
hijri after 692 however muhammad's name appears regularly in umayyad coins
57
and monumental inscriptions the person of muhammad before
58
that time nebo concludes must not have been a significant part of islam
59
so nebo concludes that muhammad was not a significant part of islam at all.
60
Most modern scholars however object to the revisionist recasting of Muhammad and the origins of Islam.
61
In other words they reject these revisionist theories.
62
First of all how were Muslims able to orchestrate a conspiracy as massive as rewriting the entire first century of their history?
63
We must remember that during this time the Muslim community was wracked by civil wars and sectarian strife.
64
Warring Umayyad, Kharijite, Shiite and Abbasid Muslims could not agree on anything let alone join forces to rewrite their collective history.
65
As for the absence of archaeological evidence naming Muhammad before 691, it is not conclusive.
66
Just because no earlier coins or evidence have survived does not mean they did not exist.
67
Perhaps the Arabs continued their tradition of oral commemoration and did not record such things in written form.
68
Finally, the Quran itself is the most conclusive evidence that the Muslim narrative of Muhammad's mission is reliable in its overall structure.
69
Unlike the Sira, the Quran bears no traces of civil war or sectarian propaganda.
70
It never mentions Ali, Abu Bakr or the Umayyads.
71
Furthermore, there are no conflicting versions of the Quran.
72
If the Quran was not affected by these forces,
73
it must have taken permanent form before them this means
74
that the Quran consists of material dating back to the time of the prophet
75
or soon after his death one person the Quran does mention by name is Muhammad urging his followers over
76
and over again to obey God and his messenger Muhammad thus seems to have been very important to Islam indeed.
77
We must also be cautious of uncritically accepting Christian descriptions of Muhammad's teachings.
78
Christian writers may not have been biased towards Muhammad but they were certainly not objective observers.
79
They were describing the faith of the armies that had just steamrolled over them so it is not surprising that they saw
80
Islam and Mohammed in an inexact light.
81
To rely solely on these Christian sources in writing the history
82
of Mohammed would be like writing a history of the Soviet Union during the Cold War using only American newspapers.
83
I think that's a rather clever analogy.
84
More importantly viewed together these early non -Muslim sources paint a picture of Islam
85
that does not actually differ markedly from the major themes of the Muslim version.
86
The Greek historian of the first century before the common era
87
Diodorus mentions a temple in the Hejaz honoured by the peoples of Arabia
88
and the second century AD Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy mentions the Arabian towns of Yathripa and Mecoraba.
89
Sound familiar?
90
We thus know that Mecca and Yathrib and most likely the Kaaba existed long before Islam.
91
Moreover, the Jewish historian Josephus, who died in the first century AD,
92
tells us that it had long been held that the Arabs were the descendants of Abraham through Ishmael.
93
Non -Muslim sources certainly leave leave no doubt
94
that a prophetic figure named Muhammad existed and they provide an unsurprising description of what he meant to his followers.
95
An anti -Jewish Christian text written in 634 just two years
96
after Muhammad's death notes how the armies of an Arabian prophet had conquered Palestine.
97
Writing in the year 687, the Mesopotamian Christian monk John of Fanak wrote
98
that the Muslims considered Muhammad to be their guide
99
and instructor who taught the Arabs to worship the one god in accordance with ancient law.
100
He remarks how strictly they kept to the tradition of Muhammad.
101
Another mid -8th century Syriac Christian writer tells us that Muhammad went on caravan journeys to Syria as a youth.
102
An anonymous chronicle written in the mid 700s in the Zoukine
103
Monastery in northern Mesopotamia calls Muhammad the first king of Arabs who considered him a prophet
104
because he turned them in from polytheism to worship of the one God.
105
Muhammad gave them laws and they called him the messenger of God."
106
So clearly there is an abundance of very early reliable evidence from non -Muslim sources and Muslim sources.
107
The Qur 'an itself names Muhammad.
108
The Qur 'an is now securely dated in the form even
109
that we have it today back to the even the lifetime of the prophet
110
or very shortly after his death according to the majority view of western scholars
111
and obviously muslim scholars too so
112
if you were to come across any youtube videos
113
or any other missionary propaganda casting doubt on muhammad's existence
114
i do recommend you get a good reliable scholarly analysis of the facts
115
from a world -class academic publisher to get the reliable factual information and not rely on missionary propaganda.
116
Till next time.
Tải Ứng Dụng
Mọi thứ bạn cần để nói trôi chảy
Chấm điểm AIChấm từng câu nói
Luyện IPAThành thạo mọi âm
Từ vựngMở rộng vốn từ
Game Từ vựngHọc qua chơi
Cùng kênh
C1What the First Christians Really Believed Will Surprise You
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
The Most Overlooked Qur'anic Verse About Human Origins!
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
Allah Loves Those the World Overlooks — And the Bible Says Something Amazingly Similar
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
Who Was the First Muslim in America?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
How Bible Scholars Challenged my Christian Faith
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
Not Adam Smith? The Forgotten Economic Genius of Ibn Khaldun
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C12
The World’s Leading Atheist Admitted: God Exists
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Video gợi ý
B28
249 câu
The Jesus Problem
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
14 câu
01-4New Concept English e01 Finding fossil man
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
229 câu
46 - The Story Of Sulayman (A) - King Solomon (Prophet Series)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C160 câu
Is Ultimate Reality Fundamentally Good?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
139 câu
How Do Muslims Know If They're Doing Enough? | Christian Student Asks
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
106 câu
What is History? E.H. Carr
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
215 câu
This New Pyramid Theory Explains the Missing Evidence
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
76 câu
Interview with Malcolm X after return from Mecca, Hajj in 1964 Complete
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
80 câu
The Future of My Quran Study | Nouman Ali Khan | Bayyinah’s Upcoming Projects
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C147 câu
Abdulah
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
202 câu
What is Marxism? (And Why The Outrage is Wrong)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
336 câu
Why Michael Jackson’s Death was 25 Years in the Making
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Did Prophet Muhammadﷺ Really Exist? What Historians Actually Say About the Evidence”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: muhammad, muslim, islam, sources, historian. Video này có 116 câu và 1489 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 11:49. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 126 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. Chỉ 73% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| historian danh từ | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | nhà viết sử, sử gia |
| scholar danh từ | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | học sinh |
| argue động từ | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | tranh luận |
| reliable tính từ | /ɹɪˈlaɪəbl̩/ | tin cậy, đáng tin cậy |
| coin danh từ | /ˈkoɪ̯n/ | đồng tiền |
| prophet danh từ | /ˈpɹɑ.fɪt/ | nhà tiên tri |
| rely động từ | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | tin cậy, dựa vào |
| messenger danh từ | /ˈmɛs.ən.d͡ʒɚ/ | người chuyển giao, người báo tin |
| narrative danh từ | /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/ | kể chuyện, tường thuật |
| phrase danh từ | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | cụm từ, câu |
| worship danh từ | /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/ | sùng bái, lễ bái |
| mainstream tính từ | /ˈmeɪn.stɹiːm/ | chính thống |
| bias danh từ | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | thiên vị, thiên kiến |
| formula danh từ | /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.lə/ | công thức |
| temple danh từ | /ˈtɛm.pl̩/ | đền, thiền viện |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | have been made · is entitled · were merely cobbled |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | have been made · have generally concluded · have called |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 4 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ I'll, I'd. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, authentic /ɔˈθɛn.tɪk/, monotheism /ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈθiɪzm̩/, polytheism /pɒl.ɪˈθiː.ɪz.əm/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, conspiracy /kənˈspɪɹəsi/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/, anonymous /əˈnɒn.ə.məs/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, accordance /əˈkɔː.dəns/, homeland /ˈhoʊmˌlænd/, consist /kənˈsɪst/, monk /mʌŋk/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: messenger /ˈmɛs.ən.d͡ʒɚ/, factual /ˈfæk.tʃ(u)əl/, heritage /ˈhɛɹ.ɪ.tɪd͡ʒ/, objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, agenda /əˈd͡ʒɛn.də/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/, factual /ˈfæk.tʃ(u)əl/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, absence /ˈæb.s(ə)n̩s/, anchor /ˈæŋ.kəː/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như historian, scholar, argue.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.