쉐도잉 연습: The Composition and Function of Blood - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Professor Dave here, let's learn about blood.

Of all the substances within the human body, blood is one of the more familiar ones, as we've all had an injury that involves bleeding.

For a long time, it was not well understood exactly what blood is,

or what it does, we just knew that if you lose enough of it, you die.

But we now have an intimate understanding of this fluid, as well as the circulatory system,

whose function it is to continuously pump blood around the body.

We will get to this system in a moment.

First let's examine blood itself, what it's made of, and why it is so critical for human life.

First, let's mention that blood is technically considered a connective tissue, and as such, it is the only fluid tissue in the body,

full of fibrous proteins.

It is comprised of formed elements, which are blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma.

If we place blood in a centrifuge, it will separate into its components.

The densest section is comprised of erythrocytes, or red blood cells, and the least dense section will be the yellowish plasma.

They are separated by the buffy coat, a white layer containing platelets, as well as leukocytes, otherwise known as white blood cells.

As a whole, blood is responsible for distributing various substances around the body,

most notably oxygen, which we can't survive very long without up, but it also carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract,

and hormones secreted by endocrine organs.

Blood also delivers waste products to the organs that will dispose of them, like the carbon dioxide that we exhale.

Beyond this, blood serves to regulate pH in various tissues, maintain body temperature, and prevent infection.

Let's discuss each component of blood now, beginning with plasma.

This is a sticky fluid made mostly of water, but also containing a variety of proteins, nutrients, ions, gases, and hormones.

The most abundant plasma protein is called albumin, which contributes significantly to plasma's osmotic pressure,

and this is followed by a variety of globulins which bind to certain molecules for transport.

Moving to the formed elements, these are erythrocytes, or red blood cells, leukocytes, or white blood cells, and platelets.

Red blood cells and platelets are interesting in that they don't possess all the typical organelles, and they don't divide.

They are replaced by stem cells in the bone marrow.

Red blood cells are very numerous in the bloodstream, and they are shaped like flattened discs with depressed centers.

There is no nucleus, not much of anything inside other than lots of hemoglobin.

This is the protein that allows for the transport of oxygen throughout the bloodstream, which is picked up in the lungs,

and then released for tissue cells throughout the body.

There are other proteins as well that have structural or protective functions, but hemoglobin will be the focus here.

This is the structure of hemoglobin.

It is made of a protein called globin, consisting of four polypeptides, two identical alpha chains, and two identical beta chains,

each of which is bound to a heme group with iron at the center.

The iron in this heme is able to bind to an oxygen molecule in reversible fashion, so that it can bind and then release when necessary,

so each hemoglobin can bind four oxygen molecules.

And there are around 250 million hemoglobins per red blood cell,

so one red blood cell can transport one billion oxygen molecules cells.

Blood cells are produced through a process called hematopoiesis, and this occurs in the red bone marrow,

which is a soft network of connective tissue found on certain blood capillaries, and which contains hematopoietic stem cells.

For erythrocytes, this is more specifically called erythropoiesis,

and billions of new red blood cells are made every day to maintain a nearly constant number,

given that red blood cells function properly for only about three months, only to be destroyed by macrophages,

which are a phagocytic type of white blood cell.

Next, let's look at leukocytes, or white blood cells, which unlike the far more abundant red blood cells,

are complete cells with nuclei and organelles.

These are part of the immune system, which we will discuss in greater detail later,

but for now we will just understand that these help us defend against pathogens and other harmful things tissues.

These use the circulatory system to get around the body, but they can also slip out into other connective tissues to do their work.

There are two types of white blood cells,

granulocytes and agranulocytes, which differ in the presence or absence of granules.

The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, which kill bacteria, eosinophils, which kill parasitic worms,

and basophils, which contain histamine that attracts other white blood cells to a site of inflammation.

Agranulocytes, on the other hand, can be lymphocytes, which fight viruses and tumors, and also give rise to plasma cells,

which produce antibodies, which we will discuss later, or they can be monocytes, which become macrophages that can eat up intruders.

Leukocytes are produced by leukopoiesis, which is stimulated by certain chemical messengers.

Lastly we get to the platelets.

These are fragments of large cells, called megakaryocytes.

These fragments are essential during blood clotting, which happens when blood vessels are damaged,

as platelets can plug up any holes or tears to seal things off.

They flow through the bloodstream in an inactive state unless needed, dying every ten days or so, and constantly regenerated.

Megakaryocytes form due to repeated mitotic cycles that do not perform cytokinesis,

so So the result is one huge cell with a multi -lobed nucleus.

This then presses against a sinusoid, and its extensions burst to release the platelets.

These platelets are important during hemostasis, which is the process by which the body will stop bleeding through vascular spasm,

platelet plug formation, and then coagulation, or blood clotting.

This essentially means that where there is damage to a vessel,

smooth muscle will contract, platelets will plug the tear,

and a protein called fibrin will form a mesh to patch everything up.

Once the vessel has healed, the clot is removed through a process called fibrinolysis, so that there is no blockage in the vessel.

So those are the components of blood.

We can look at a diagram like this one to see how these arise during hematopoiesis.

We can also briefly mention the different blood types that humans can exhibit.

These are A, B, AB, and O.

These have to do with glycoproteins and glycolipids found in the plasma membranes of red blood cells.

A and B refer to two different agglutinogens that can be found in these membranes, so blood group A has one of them,

B has the other, AB has both, and O has neither.

This is important for blood transfusions, because if someone's body only recognizes A and gets blood with B,

the new blood cells will be recognized by antibodies as foreign and destroyed, which can be fatal.

So someone with AB blood can receive any blood, since both A and B will be recognized, hence they are universal recipients.

And someone with O blood can give blood to anyone, since there are no markers to be recognized, hence they are universal donors.

There are also RH blood groups which refer to agglutinogens called RH factors, and for For these, a person is either positive or negative.

This is reported along with the ABO blood group by tacking on positive or negative to the end, giving us groups like O positive,

A negative, and so on.

And with that, we are familiar enough with the structure

and function of blood that we can begin to examine the circulatory system as a whole, so let's move forward and do just that.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The Composition and Function of Blood”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: blood, cell, platelet, protein, plasma. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 53개와 단어 1298개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 9:57입니다. 화자는 분당 약 130단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 76%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
tissue 명사	/ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/	조직
plasma 명사	/ˈplæzmə/	플라스마, 플라즈마
oxygen 명사	/ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/	산소
vessel 명사	/ˈvɛsəl/	배, 선박
fluid 명사	/ˈflu.ɪd/	유체, 유동체
molecule 명사	/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/	분자
component 명사	/kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/	부분
plug 명사	/plʌɡ/	플러그
nucleus 명사	/ˈnuː.kli.əs/	핵심, 핵
universal 형용사	/ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/	우주(宇宙)의, 우주적
bone 명사	/boʊn/	뼈
refer 동사	/ɹɪˈfɜː/	언급하다
tear 동사	/tɛɹ/	찢다
substance 명사	/ˈsʌbstəns/	물질
identical 형용사	/ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/	동일한, 똑같은

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is technically considered · is comprised · are separated
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	elements, which are · bloodstream, which is · leukopoiesis, which is

주의할 발음

화자는 don't, can't, we've 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 4번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: smooth /smuːð/, erythrocyte /əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, continuously /kənˈtɪnjuəsli/, recipient /ɹəˈsɪp.i.ənt/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: fluid /ˈflu.ɪd/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, protective /pɹəˈtɛk.tɪv/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: plasma /ˈplæzmə/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/, possess /pəˈzɛs/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, tissue, plasma, oxygen 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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