쉐도잉 연습: The science of spiciness - Rose Eveleth - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Why does your mouth feel like it's on fire when you eat a spicy pepper?
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Why does your mouth feel like it's on fire when you eat a spicy pepper?
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And how do you soothe the burn?
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Why does wasabi make your eyes water?
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And how spicy is the spiciest spice?
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Let's back up a bit.
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First, what is spiciness?
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Even though we often say that something tastes spicy,
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it's not actually a taste,
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like sweet or salty or sour.
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Instead, what's really happening is that certain compounds in spicy foods activate the type of sensory neurons called polymodal nociceptors.
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You have these all over your body,
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including your mouth and nose.
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And they're the same receptors that are activated by extreme heat.
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So when you eat a chili pepper,
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your mouth feels like it's burning because your brain actually thinks it's burning.
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The opposite happens when you eat something with menthol in it.
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The cool, minty compound is activating your cold receptors.
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When these heat sensitive receptors are activated,
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your body thinks it's in contact with a dangerous heat source and reacts accordingly.
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This is why you start to sweat and your heart starts beating faster.
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The peppers have elicited the same fight or flight response with which your body reacts to most threats.
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But you may have noticed that not all spicy foods are spicy in the same way.
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And the difference lies in the types of compounds involved.
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The capsaicin and piperine found in black pepper and chili peppers are made up of larger,
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heavier molecules called alkylamides, and those mostly stay in your mouth.
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Mustard, horseradish, and wasabi are made up of smaller molecules called isothiocyanates that easily float up into your sinuses.
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This is why chili peppers burn your mouth and wasabi burns your nose.
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The standard measure of a food's spiciness is its rating on the Scoville scale,
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which measures how much its capsaicin content can be diluted before the heat is no longer detectable to humans.
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A sweet bell pepper gets zero Scoville heat units,
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while Tabasco sauce clocks in between 1200 and 2400 units.
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The race to create the hottest pepper is a constant battle,
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but two peppers generally come out on top.
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The Trinidad Moruga Scorpion and the Carolina Reaper.
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These peppers measure between 1.5 and 2 million Scoville heat units,
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which is about half the units found in pepper spray.
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So why would anyone want to eat something that causes such high levels of pain?
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Nobody really knows when or why humans started eating hot peppers.
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Archaeologists have found spices like mustard along with human artifacts dating as far back as 23,000 years ago,
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but they don't know whether the spices were used for food or medication or just decoration.
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More recently, a 6,000-year-old crockpot lined with charred fish and meat also contained mustard.
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One theory says that humans started adding spices to food to kill off bacteria,
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and some studies show that spice developed mostly in warmer climates,
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where microbes also happened to be more prevalent.
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But why we continue to subject ourselves to spicy food today is still a bit of a mystery.
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For some people, eating spicy food is like riding roller coasters.
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They enjoy the ensuing thrill even if the immediate sensation is unpleasant.
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Some studies have even shown
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that those who like to eat hot stuff are more likely to enjoy other adrenaline-rich activities like gambling.
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The taste for spicy food may even be genetic.
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And if you're thinking about training a bit to up your tolerance for spice, know this.
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According to some studies, the pain doesn't get any better.
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You just get tougher.
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In fact, researchers have found
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that people who like to eat spicy foods don't rate the burn any less painful than those who don't.
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They just seem to like the pain more.
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So torment your heat receptors all you want,
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but remember, when it comes to spicy food,
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you're going to get burned.
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Thank you.

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주요 어휘 및 구문

  • spicy - 매운
  • capsaicin - 캡사이신
  • burn - 타다, 화끈거리다
  • Scoville scale - 스코빌 척도
  • polymodal nociceptors - 다형 수용체
  • isothiocyanates - 이소사이안산염
  • adrenaline - 아드레날린
  • tolerance - 내성

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