Shadowing Practice: Ch 1 Intro to Crim - Learn English Speaking with Video

This is chapter one, Introduction to Criminology.

So in this chapter, it's basically going to set up the scope of pretty much everything that the textbook covers.

So that means this lecture is like a really brief snapshot of a lot of stuff

that we're going to go into much more in depth later.

But really the chapter is kind of setting up the idea of, you know, what is crime, how it has various definitions,

you know, that there's a big difference between criminology and just what is, you know, criminal justice, which is different as a system.

And then of course, you know, it'll talk a little bit about theories, and then of victimology.

So all of those things we are going to explore more in depth later in subsequent chapters

so if you don't get it all right now that's totally fine we're gonna jump into it later

so anyway this is your little tip of the iceberg

introduction chapter okay

so some of the key concepts in understanding criminology is crime right there are various definitions of crime

so there's some that are legalistic approaches, which is basically that crime is a violation of law, right?

And, you know, as this is a sociology course, you know, what is law, if not just the norms we have in society,

or the values that we have, that are then codified into our systems of laws, right?

So you violate a norm or an expectation of how someone should behave, you know, that's so like,

let's say, you wear sandals out when it's raining right

that kind of violates a norm

but the fashion police aren't going to lock you up

and put you in jail right

but a crime is specific to violating an established law right

so stealing or you know killing a person or something like

that because our value systems say that you shouldn't do

that they've been codified into law and therefore you know

so anyway basically you can define crime as breaking the law

right um you can define it in sometimes as you know as what they call mala

and say or just an act is inherently or essentially evil right

so the kind of immorality that can be connected to some forms of crime right

so it's really that's more about it being just a bad thing

or you know somehow like an evil person sometimes we'll talk

about this in regards to uh people like serial killers right they'll say like oh they're evil right um

or you know that basically again just the value system

or the understanding of the crime is outside of whether

or not it violates a specific law

and then mala prohibita is more about you know something

that is not inherently immoral but it becomes so because it's expressively forbidden by positive law. And then there's deviance.

So deviance is something we talk about a lot when it comes to criminology or a sociological approach to crime,

is sometimes deviance isn't about something that's, you know, specifically against the law, but maybe just things that are considered wrong,

or not normative, going against what's considered appropriate, right?

So sometimes deviance isn't really even about it being illegal it's more about it just not being normal right

or being different than what's expected so other acts of deviance are not necessarily immoral

but are considered you know just strange right doing something just being kind of a weirdo right like

if you look at like the west memphis three they got

looped into this whole situation where they got accused of a crime they didn't commit

and put in jail for many many years why because they were kind of weirdo kids that listened to metal.

So there was this whole idea that they were just satanic killers, right?

When it was really just, they just had long hair and listened to metal and that's what made them deviant.

They weren't breaking a law.

They weren't doing anything wrong.

They were just doing something that wasn't considered normal.

But deviants and crime can be connected as some acts kind of move from being deemed deviant to being deemed illegal,

or Whereas sometimes things that were considered illegal in the past are just considered kind of deviant now.

So we can see how our moralistic

or value systems of a culture really impact the ways in which we understand what's considered right and wrong.

And that's what then motivates what we consider deviant or not.

So of course, deviance is something we will literally talk about through the entire class.

So if you're not 100 % what I'm talking about right now, no worries, we'll get there.

okay so moving on to what is criminology and what is criminal justice so criminology is the scientific study of crime Right.

And this is something that's been developed, you know, for many, basically since the late 1800s,

you've had a pretty rigorous kind of scientific understanding of crime.

And actually, when I say rigorous, we'll talk about some of those theories in future lectures.

You'll see what I mean.

Some of them are really weird where they were like, hey, you can look at someone and be like, you're a criminal.

Right.

Because they got a weird nose or whatever.

Or some of them were like, well, if we measure the shape and size of someone's head, then we can determine if they're criminal.

Right.

So not all of this quote unquote science was super sciency at the beginning, especially a lot of it was very racist.

But anyway, we'll get to that later so um

but just to understand that this was kind of

when it was you know criminology first came about as a

discipline um really to try to hopefully apply a scientific study

um to the understandings of crime why do people commit it

right what are the patterns involved how can we then mitigate crime how can we reduce it right

so we'll talk much more about that and then of course, you know, criminal justice itself is a large system,

right, that is used in society to enforce the standards of conduct

that we consider that we basically need to protect people in communities, right?

So how do we enforce the laws?

How do we make sure that the things

that we consider illegal are then monitored or punished

or you know any of that prevented

so the criminal justice system is complicated we'll talk about it a bunch there's a whole bunch of different levels

but in a nutshell right they're basically there to apprehend prosecute convict and sentence people who violate basic rules or basic laws,

right, that govern group existence, right?

So how in a society can we function appropriately?

Well, part of that mechanism can often be making sure people adhere to kind of a code of conduct, right?

So having a value system, a morality to say it's bad to kill people, sure, that can be good and we can all agree to that.

But then how do you make sure people actually don't kill other people, right?

So that's kind of where the criminal justice system has come from.

The goal is really to control crime, prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice.

So it has a couple different components, which we'll talk about in a moment.

But before we jump into all the specific layers of the criminal justice system,

it's also important to really understand the different perspectives of crime, which we're going to obviously jump much more into later,

there's kind of just in a nutshell, the consensus perspective.

So this views the formal system of laws

and the enforcement of law as incorporating the norms in society to a broad consensus, meaning the laws are the way they are,

because it helps the most people.

It's really a reflection of what people think and their values.

100

And this is coming from some, you know, late 19th century and early 20th century sociologists, which we'll talk about later,

101

like Durkheim, obviously Durkheim, Weber, Ross, and Sumner.

102

And it's assumed that, you know, most people, it's kind of like a logic based thing.

103

So we're going to talk about a whole bunch of different theories of crime later.

104

And we'll kind of break this down, right?

105

Is a person rational?

106

Are they not all this kind of fun stuff

107

so it's assumed from this kind of consensus perspective

108

that most of us understand what right and wrong is right

109

and we understand what the laws are and what will happen

110

if we violate them right like

111

if you speed on the freeway you know there's a chance you can then get a ticket right

112

and you're gonna have to pay that ticket

113

or all sorts of other consequences happen right so the idea is

114

that people obey laws because they've internalized the societal norms It's not about being punished.

115

It's not about, you know, the deviance of being bad.

116

It's really about wanting to adhere to the social norms of the group.

117

Right.

118

We'll talk about Durkheim later.

119

That dude was all about that stuff.

120

He was really interested in how societies function and, you know, this kind of solidarity that develops in society.

121

So he looked at religion, he looked at a whole bunch of other crap, but basically he, you know, tried to understand how, again, we'll talk about it later,

122

but this idea of mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, that different kinds of societies have different kinds of solidarity, and it's going to depend on the kind of,

123

how complicated the lifestyle or the organization of that society is, and how that complexity or non -complexity affects how people.

124

kind of then come to a cohesive agreement.

125

So in a more primitive society, where everybody pretty much has this very similar lifestyle, right?

126

They have the same religious beliefs, they have the same kind of daily life, right?

127

Like, let's say you're looking at someone who's subsistence farming, right?

128

Like, there's a whole society of folks that they have the same religious belief system.

129

Basically, their life is like, we grow and eat sweet potatoes all day, right that the shared solidarity comes from having the same experiences

130

and understanding each other right versus organic solidarity

131

which we'll talk about much more in depth later is this

132

idea in a more complicated society like our own where lots

133

of people have varying different specialized jobs right as technology has developed and there's so many more kind of nuances to society.

134

Like I need there to be doctors, veterinarians, mechanics, grocery store workers, or as we saw through the pandemic, right?

135

You needed essential workers to be manning their stations so that the rest of society can continue to function.

136

So he calls that organic solidarity.

137

The idea that the kind of solidarity we have in more complicated societies comes from the fact

138

that we need each other, right?

139

Like we rely upon all those other people doing their jobs so that we can kind of function correctly, right?

140

So anyway, basically, that was a very dominant perspective from kind of a criminological understanding for a long time.

141

But it hasn't really been super popular as a theory since about the 1950s.

142

And we'll talk about why hint social changes.

143

But anyway, and then there's the conflict perspective, which absolutely we'll talk a lot about

144

and this is the idea of you know kind of uh

145

you know we'll talk about it in somewhat of a marxian way as well

146

but the idea that when there's conflicts in society between various groups

147

that can mean that they have different interests right

148

so in the classic karl marx conflict you're talking about social class

149

and those who have and those who don't right

150

but some of this is going to be specifically applied to um

151

when it comes to material conditions within neighborhoods

152

or within society as a whole right that conflict is often resolved

153

when a group in power can then achieve control

154

so we'll have a lot of different theorists we'll talk about like obviously i mean marx is the big guy

155

but you know quinney chambliss uh turk a few of these folks

156

that they specifically focus on how do we understand criminal behavior through this conflicts perspective right

157

that we need to kind of understand this this really what

158

it what are what are the mechanisms causing this in the first place right is it the chicken

159

or the egg kind of situation meaning let's say people have

160

very few legitimate opportunities to financial success in American society

161

and as those financial opportunities are getting harder

162

and harder to get i .e you have to get a

163

college degree you have to you know find a specific career

164

that pays a lot of money

165

and even then it's going to be very difficult sometimes to

166

get a you know to have a decent standard of living

167

so how then does

168

that contribute to crime right as we have a handful of

169

people in this country have more wealth than over 90 of the other people in this country

170

right that's how are those material conditions affecting the ways in

171

which crime happens right so we'll talk more about that as well

172

but again just kind of dipping our toe in at this point

173

okay so going a little bit more into that criminal justice system

174

and again we'll talk about it more later

175

and i'm sure you've heard of it right you're not taking a intro to criminology course

176

and you're like what's the criminal justice system but anyway just in case you were totally in the dark

177

Like I said before, the goals are to control crime, prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice.

178

So there's three different components there.

179

You got law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

180

Of course, there are different levels of law enforcement.

181

You got federal law enforcement, and these are established to enforce specific statutes

182

that are just federal laws right um so these are usually highly specialized units

183

that have specialized training and resources so

184

when you think of federal law enforcement you think of stuff like the fbi right the federal bureau of investigation

185

or maybe the dea the drug enforcement administration secret service u .s marshals right groups like

186

that the atf right um so anyway or you know as as we call it

187

DHS the Department of Homeland Security so any of those kind of like bigger federal

188

agencies are typically like

189

if you think about like like uh um atf aka eventually

190

homeland security they're looking at different stuff than the dea than

191

the fbi than the secret service like they're kind of specialized

192

in what it is they actually cover right um versus state

193

level law enforcement these are usually going to be um in two different models you got state police

194

and then you typically have highway patrols as well

195

so state police have general police powers to enforce state laws

196

and they usually have routine patrol and traffic that they're really focusing on

197

and but then they also have within state police you have specialized units

198

that look at things like major crimes or drugs

199

or maybe they have you know like crime lab folks they have juvenile units all

200

that kind of fun stuff

201

and then highway patrol they their primary focus is to enforce the laws of the road right

202

so all the vehicle codes like making sure like the cars

203

are functioning the way they are like your brake light isn't out all

204

that kind of crap um that you're going at safe speed

205

or driving conditions are safe all that kind of fun stuff

206

and they can also investigate crimes that occur in specific locations

207

that are under their jurisdiction like places that are state property

208

or under a highway or things like that

209

that aren't necessarily like specifically a federal or a local territory

210

and then local law enforcement is really divided into counties

211

and municipalities so this is the most like

212

when you think of police it's pretty much local police you're thinking of right

213

so this is the primary law enforcement for most counties or county sheriff's office.

214

And what's interesting about that is it does have an influence on,

215

obviously, like the local residents have an influence on these departments in the ways that sheriffs are often elected officials or positions.

216

So, you know, kind of local residents can have some say in the kind of policing

217

that they want to take place in their area.

218

So the majority of local police officers are employed by municipalities, right, like cities or things like that and

219

so local agencies are responsible for the nuts

220

and bolts of law enforcement responsibilities the kind of calls to your house all

221

that kind of you know day -to -day stuff

222

that takes place okay moving on to courts a whole nother complicated thing super fun stuff

223

so anyway um courts you got federal courts oh

224

so you got basically uh 52 different systems you have one for each state you have the district of columbia

225

and then you have the federal government

226

so it's just an interesting situation where we have this kind

227

of our federal courts have a three -tiered model you have the district courts

228

which are basically the trial courts

229

and other specialized ones then you have the court of appeals

230

so the district courts are the ones you go to with your court case you're like hey i'm suing this

231

or i'm getting sued whatever it is.

232

That's like where you go to court.

233

And then the appeals is when, you know, obviously you're appealing a decision from a lower court.

234

And then the Supreme Court is going to be the ultimate say in any of those kind of things.

235

So even though we're talking about federal courts, you can see here that we have Supreme Court at the federal level, Supreme Court at the state level.

236

So it's a similar kind of level, right, where you have kind of checks from the next level above on the lower one.

237

So for instance, the federal Supreme Court, they only take X amount of cases, but a lot of cases are kind of funneled up that direction.

238

And in recent years, sometimes for more political reasons.

239

So we'll get into that later.

240

Okay.

241

State courts are also kind of tiered.

242

So you have lower courts are kind of like smaller deals or not as complicated.

243

Then you have trial courts where you know that's the kind of ones you're thinking of

244

when you have to go to like do jury duty

245

or something like

246

that then appellate courts a similar thing with federal right that's

247

where you're going to be kind of maybe challenging the ruling from one of those trial courts

248

and then each state has their own state supreme court as well

249

so jurisdiction is really about how before you can actually bring

250

a case to a court you have to figure out who has jurisdiction right

251

so who's basically in charge of the people or the areas with

252

that are involved within those cases

253

so um you know it's it there's different categories for this

254

so lower courts are often very limited in their jurisdiction they don't have power

255

that extends to the overall administration of justice

256

so lower courts do not try felony cases and they don't have appellate authority versus, you know, um,

257

that you look at the jurisdiction for you know major trial courts is pretty general right

258

so they have the power and authority to try

259

and decide any case including appeals from a lower court

260

and then the appellate

261

or appeals courts are limited in jurisdiction on matters of appeal from lower courts

262

so they're not going to look at any case they're only going to look at the ones

263

that are being challenged from a lower court case right didn't

264

i say this would be really exciting anyway sorry okay we'll

265

get through it i swear it's where this will all make

266

sense eventually all right corrections is like you've been charged you've been convicted you've been sentenced right

267

so now you are in the correctional system

268

so this means someone can be put on probation or incarcerated or maybe put in a community -based corrections facility

269

so um just obviously most of this stuff i'm assuming you know what it is

270

but we're just going to touch upon it briefly.

271

So probation is just an arrangement between the sentencing authorities and an offender.

272

And this involves an offender complying with certain terms for a specified amount of time in order to return to the community.

273

So let's say probation could be, okay, you have to do a hundred hours community service and you're able to return to this community, right?

274

Or once you've done this, this court ordered therapy, or maybe once you've done this anger management course

275

or you know this parental training course

276

or whatever it might be then you're able to return to the community right and

277

so there's some um conditions involved in probation the general conditions

278

are usually about reporting to a supervising officer meaning your probation

279

officer you have to continue to obey the laws there's certain

280

things you lose like your fourth amendment protections against unlawful search

281

and seizure meaning when you're on probation there is no fourth amendment protection basically you're already suspect

282

so they can just submit you to searches whenever they want right um you can't have uh drugs

283

when you're on probation makes sense um or be in possession of firearms

284

if you're on probation so there's certain general conditions

285

and then the specific conditions are going to be specific to

286

that individual and the kind of crime or the kind of issue that they're talking about.

287

So this could be like, let's say, you know, it's about a drug issue, something like going to a methadone clinic,

288

or getting drug tested, right, that would be a specific condition,

289

or it could be something like being on house arrest,

290

or, you know, again, having to go to a certain kind of court ordered training or something of that nature,

291

or maybe psychological or psychiatric treatment.

292

And then correction facilities themselves, you got jails, you got prisons.

293

So the difference there is jail is typically for people convicted of minor crimes, and you're really just used to house people that are awaiting trial often.

294

While prisons are often people who are convicted of much more serious crimes with longer sentences.

295

So it's not always exactly this rule

296

but basically think of it as under a year jail over a year prison right it's not always

297

that but it's it's it's you know similar and say it means

298

that you know sometimes people can be in jail for a

299

while awaiting their trial or you know going through

300

that kind of whole process but you know president you're typically there

301

because you've gotten you know maybe a felony sentence or a longer sentence.

302

So there's different types of prisons depending on the security concerns, right?

303

So we know there's like the minimum security prisons, you know, like the white collar criminals get to go to these prisons where they like,

304

I don't know, get to like play golf and just do stuff where you're like, is that prison?

305

You got medium securities, maximum securities, and then of course, the infamous super max facilities for people

306

that we consider you know very violent or dangerous criminals um

307

and of course there are a lot of alternatives to traditional incarceration

308

which we will discuss such as uh going to halfway houses um work study releases um again house arrest

309

or you know electronic monitoring they put like a you know a ankle monitor on you

310

or something like that or just centers where you show up each day

311

and report to instead of being incarcerated why is

312

that important we'll talk about it a whole bunch later

313

but the the nutshell idea here is that

314

when you still feel connected to the community there's more likelihood of you reforming right

315

but the more we cut the individual off from their community

316

and from society the less motivation there really is to reform so we'll talk about that later.

317

Okay, moving on to comparative criminology.

318

So comparative criminology is the study of the nature and the extent of crime and criminal justice systems across societies.

319

So this should address questions like, why do some societies have lower crime rates than others?

320

What are the differences and similarities in crime definitions and control across social and cultural frontiers?

321

And how do theoretical models relating to crime actually translate to cultures?

322

And well, as we talk about different theories throughout this class, you'll see some of them are pretty interesting,

323

but some of them are very difficult to apply to real people in real circumstances versus others are very applicable.

324

Parsimony.

325

So, OK, side note, I teach research methods in criminal justice at Cal State Fullerton,

326

and we get all into this.

327

So I'm trying to like, how do I make this not super complicated?

328

Okay, basically, um, you know, the whole Occam's razor thing, where it's like, if it seems like the most likely thing, it's that, right?

329

It's kind of like in a lot of criminal cases, they'll say, Oh, well, the wife was killed, then the first suspect is the husband, right?

330

That kind of idea that it's kind of explaining a phenomenon like criminal activity in the simplest way possible.

331

Meaning the simpler theory the better typically um unlike the QAnon

332

madness folks uh where they're like oh this person said this

333

and this the their last name had seven letters or you know

334

and that the number seven represents this

335

and that's a sign that's a code for this other thing that means this and therefore

336

JFK Jr. who died in the 1990s is going to come back from the dead

337

and run with Donald Trump for the presidency in 2024.

338

Like these kind of bizarre, I don't understand how they're putting this all together.

339

Yeah, that's not how theories really work.

340

Typically, theories have to be pretty applicable and straightforward.

341

And the more complicated and tenuous and weird and just having weird shifty explanations for things that go around,

342

the less and less scientific it becomes, right?

343

So this is why testability is important, right?

344

How much can we test a theory?

345

Empirically, how can we scientifically test something and say, is that true or not?

346

Right?

347

You know, and really, what's the scope of the theory?

348

How big of a thing is it trying to understand?

349

Right?

350

Is it very limited in a very specific offender?

351

Or is it something very, very general?

352

The larger in general you get, the harder it is to really encapsulate the really nuanced differences between different groups and different time periods.

353

And so as sociologists, we talk about these things as being socially constructed.

354

The idea that our time period is going to impact who we are and what we do in a lot of ways, and really how we understand the world.

355

So, you know, typically with the scopes of certain theories, if it's very, very narrow scope of a theory, it's not going to be applicable to a lot of situations.

356

So oftentimes, there is a goal of a larger scope of a theory, though the larger it gets, the more it can miss those nuances.

357

But theories also have to have logical consistency.

358

So does it like make sense?

359

Like that QAnon crap just does not make sense.

360

You know what I mean?

361

Like at all.

362

If something has to be a signal for something, it doesn't make sense.

363

Like that's not...

364

Anyway, and then part of testability is empirical validity it's being able to test something

365

and measure it

366

and say can I actually prove this like for instance you

367

know um for the second question here what are the differences

368

and similarities in crime definitions and control across social and cultural frontiers

369

so look at you know what's the differences between the amount of for instance mass shootings as a crime

370

that happen in the U .S versus happen in other countries

371

right you can see there's definitely a cultural impact there

372

that is not something that happens like in mass in the way

373

that it does in the u .s pretty much every year

374

in the last many years we've had more mass shootings than days of the year

375

while most other industrialized similar countries have had you know maybe a couple tops

376

so um it shows that there might be something culturally or socially happening there,

377

like the gun worship and NRA stuff and all

378

that fun stuff that's affecting our perspective about how to deal with those kinds of crimes, right?

379

Or even just that motivates the offenders to commit those kinds of crimes.

380

So that's something that in criminological thought, we're really trying to understand is like unpack the offender,

381

unpack the social and material conditions around that offender as well.

382

but to do so in a way that makes sense that's not like wacky

383

and actually can be tested in some sort of way right okay so later we'll talk about

384

determining causality or correlation and spuriousness and all that kind of fun stuff

385

but not right now okay and then theory also informs policies

386

and programs so criminological theory isn't just about like let me pat myself on the back

387

and be like hey look at this i know there's crime good for me

388

but like what can we then do with

389

that information to reduce crime to make the community safer to

390

make you know um to lessen the likelihood of people being victimized right

391

so anyway we'll talk more about that

392

so um victimology is interesting victimology is basically the scientific study

393

of victims victimology is a relatively new area of criminology

394

which is strange right because as long as there's been crime there's been victims

395

but really the ways in which we understand you know um how crime happens

396

and who becomes a victim is also something that's really important

397

so you know we have ways to try to understand this stuff

398

and sometimes this is coming from we'll talk about official data sources later

399

but we have like reported crimes and then sometimes we have unreported crimes or what we call, you know, the dark figure of crime or the unknown figures of crime.

400

And sometimes things like victimization surveys can really fill in the gaps.

401

So we have something called the NCVS, the National Crime Victimization Survey.

402

It's basically this thing they send out to representative households and have asked people like,

403

have you been the victim of these particular crimes in the last six months?

404

and it's a self -reported survey

405

so people can kind of answer it without someone standing there

406

and asking them that question largely because think about the sensitivity of

407

that you know

408

and then of course it really asks people did you report this crime to the police

409

and what they find is a lot of filling in the gaps of people

410

that were victimized but did not report it to the police

411

and there's many reasons why they may not right it might be maybe um their own discomfort towards police

412

or maybe living in a marginalized community that feels hyper -policed

413

or maybe living in an immigrant community that feels hyper -policed um you know

414

that can be a reason or it can be the idea

415

that sometimes victims think that they will be blamed for what happened um you know especially

416

when it comes to things like sexual violence it's like well

417

what were you wearing why did you go with this person have you slept with them before blah blah blah

418

which we really don't do with other crimes we're not like

419

are you sure you were carjacked are you sure you didn't

420

just be like here take my car right it's a he said she said right we don't really do

421

that with other crimes we really do that with women's bodies we'll talk about

422

that later but anyway um

423

so we really want to understand you know this kind of

424

victimology of like how do people pick certain people as as you know they're victims

425

and also just how do we then figure out who's most likely to be victimized

426

so we can protect them right so um victim precipitation is

427

when an individual does or does not do something

428

that increases the risk that they will be victimized

429

so we'll talk about theories about this later like lifestyles perspective

430

that basically say like let's say you are walking out at night with like a lot of money in your pocket, right?

431

Alone in some, you know, kind of major industrial area, no one's around.

432

Potentially that could affect your likelihood of being victimized, right?

433

Versus, you know, you look at someone like the elderly, the kinds of crimes

434

that they experience are often more about targeting them specifically for their age like scammers

435

or things like that that'll like pretend their grandson was kidnapped

436

and scam them for money or you know scam them in all sorts of ways

437

but it's not often

438

that they're just like beaten up on the street at like two in the morning after going to the bar

439

because that's more of like what happens to younger folks who are out in those spaces at those times

440

so you know who

441

that person is is going to you know affect it like how high risk is their lifestyle

442

and how much is that going to affect the victimology, right?

443

So some people that are harming others are going to look for more high risk victims, like let's say people who are,

444

you know, unhoused or people who are, you know, sex workers or things like that, that might make them more vulnerable in those situations.

445

So anyway, part of what we're doing in, you know, criminological thought is trying to,

446

you know, basically reduce the probability that people are going to be harmed or offended against.

447

So when looking at the incidence or prevalence of victimization, each type of individual...

448

Um, you know, we really want to know like which, who's most likely to be harmed for whichever kinds of crimes we're looking at.

449

So for instance, younger people are more likely to be victims in a lot of crimes

450

because they're not as psychologically adept or they don't have as much power and control in their lives.

451

Um, intra -racial violence is more frequent, meaning oftentimes violence happens within racial groups more so than between.

452

Um, violent crimes, particularly homicide has actually dropped like dramatically since the 1990s though

453

that's not like what you see on tv we'll talk about

454

that later and you know you have things like um child abuse

455

and neglect that has decreased a lot in the last few decades

456

but really just because we've changed the way that we deal with this

457

and again you're going to get that sprinkled in unfortunately I also teach a class called Family Violence at Cal State Fullerton,

458

and we really talk about the kind of issues

459

that were happening in the past where so many people were being abused

460

that it wasn't getting acknowledged because doctors didn't feel comfortable reporting these things, teachers weren't backed up.

461

So now we have these kind of mandatory reporting laws, right?

462

Like if you see a kid and there's something kind of fishy about that bruise that they have or the way that, you know, the interactions happening between parents,

463

then, you know, or if they show up at the ER with certain kinds of things, oftentimes they'll get reported at this point to this kind of mandatory reporting system just to make sure,

464

you know because the worst thing that happens to a parent where that's happening, where that's not the case is they get called upon by someone from, you know, CPS, Child Protective Services,

465

just to like double check.

466

But what happens to those kids who aren't caught through that net, right?

467

A lot of them can suffer in horrible situations of abuse.

468

So really, in many, you know, ways, it was the training and the ways in

469

which we've involved those kind of frontline folks

470

that deal with kids the most whether it be doctors

471

or teachers to help be invested in preventing

472

and really reporting these crimes early on when they happen

473

so they don't you know often result in as many deaths as they used to

474

so anyway um you know like any other type of violent

475

crime you know um there are databases trying to understand this stuff

476

and you know there are ways in

477

which um agencies have been really created just to promote awareness of what rights kids have

478

and what protections and services are offered to them if they need help.

479

Okay, then looking at compensation or restitution.

480

So the main distinction between victim compensation versus restitution is that compensation is given by the state or the government itself,

481

and restitution is given by the offender, typically as part of a sentence that they are given, like as part of their punishment.

482

So victim compensation programs are typically handled by victim services unit at local counties or offices.

483

And restitution is more about when an offender, if that's part of their sentence, then they'll have to pay some sort of restitution often.

484

But the likelihood that a victim gets it is not as high.

485

Because think about it this way.

486

Does the state have the money to help you?

487

Yes.

488

Does the federal government?

489

Yes.

490

Does this offender?

491

Maybe not.

492

You know, oftentimes victims don't get, don't fare as well in getting that kind of compensation.

493

Most offenders end up being unemployed or broke.

494

So victims never get that money.

495

Think about it.

496

This person deals with a trauma or something that could have then taken them away from their livelihood, their ability to work, maybe permanently disabled them,

497

you know, all sorts of things that can really have financial consequences as well as other social consequences.

498

So having some sort of way to help them is important.

499

And then, you know, victim impact statements is another thing they talk about briefly in the chapter.

500

So this is when a victim

501

or often a family member of a victim reports to the court about how an offender affected their life.

502

So victim impact statements are still accepted under the law during post verdict guilty sentencing phases

503

so basically like the jury goes in they're like yeah

504

that dude's guilty he killed so and so

505

and then like the family of the person who was killed

506

can come in after the guilty has been you know read

507

but before the judge gives the final kind of say

508

and you know um or the final sentence and say okay here's

509

here's how this affected my life this person was amazing

510

and they took them away or whatever it is I'm sure

511

if you've watched any true crime anything you've seen a victim impact statement

512

or just you know some uh tv versions like the law

513

and order kind of stuff

514

so victim impact statements are only given during the sentencing phase not

515

when the jury is determining the verdict obviously that would be prejudicial

516

and problematic right way um

517

so there's also victims rights awareness meaning just getting more attention to victims

518

and this has to do with you know some well first of all there was a victims of crime act

519

that was passed in 1984

520

which established a federal crime victims fund to support state compensation funds

521

and again because oftentimes you know victims don't realize

522

that there are mechanisms in place to try to help support them through the processes of you know experiencing crime

523

and being a victim of crime

524

so anyway that's just like a nutshell version of some of

525

the stuff we'll be talking about we basically went through a through z there of pretty much all

526

that this textbook is going to go through

527

so we're going to go way more in depth into this

528

and talk much more about the specific theories and ideas

529

that have you know from the past to the now defined our understanding of crime and criminological thought.

✨ Aanbevolen Video

8 zinnen

Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Ch 1 Intro to Crim”. Deze video bevat 529 zinnen en 6824 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 41:15. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 165 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 86% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
criminology zelfstandig naamwoord		criminologie
offender zelfstandig naamwoord	/əˈfen.dɚ/	schuldige
probation zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌpɹoʊˈbeɪʃən/	proefverlof
solidarity zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌsɑ.ləˈdæɹ.ə.ti/	solidariteit
deviance zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈdiːvɪəns/	afwijking, buitenbeentje
norm zelfstandig naamwoord	/nɔːm/	norm
criminological bijvoeglijk naamwoord		criminologisch
violate werkwoord	/ˈvaɪəˌleɪt/	schenden
enforce werkwoord	/ɪnˈfoɹs/	handhaven
deviant zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈdiː.vi.ənt/	afwijkeling, afvallige
nutshell zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/	notendop
likelihood zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈlaɪklihʊd/	waarschijnlijkheid
convict werkwoord	/ˈkɑnvɪkt/	veroordelen, vonnissen
consequence zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	gevolg, consequentie
deem werkwoord	/dim/	beschouwen

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
figure out werkwoord		uitvogelen, er achter komen
set up werkwoord	/ˌsɛt ˈʌp/	bereiden, voorbereiden
back up werkwoord		teruggaan
end up werkwoord		belanden, terechtkomen
see through werkwoord		doorheen zien
show up werkwoord		tentoonstellen

Zinnen om te herhalen

Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:

You'll see what I mean.
How much can we test a theory?
You know, and really, what's the scope of the theory?
You know what I mean?
Does the state have the money to help you?

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	they've been codified · that's been developed · you've had
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	they've been codified · can be connected · are considered
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	justice, which is · approaches, which is · people who violate

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 145 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we'll, you're, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De klanken “sh” en “zh”: probation /ˌpɹoʊˈbeɪʃən/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, restitution /ˌɹɛstɪˈtuʃən/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, victimization /ˌvɪk.tɪ.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: solidarity /ˌsɑ.ləˈdæɹ.ə.ti/, victimology /ˌvɪktɪˈmɒləd͡ʒi/, restitution /ˌɹɛstɪˈtuʃən/, victimization /ˌvɪk.tɪ.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, incarcerate /ɪnˈkɑɹ.səˌɹeɪt/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, oftentimes /ˈɔf.ənˌtaɪmz/, victimize /ˈvɪktɪmaɪz/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, corrections /kəˈɹɛkʃənz/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: solidarity /ˌsɑ.ləˈdæɹ.ə.ti/, unpack /ʌnˈpæk/, adhere /ædˈhɪə/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/, municipality /mjʊˌnɪsɪˈpælɪti/
/w/ — met ronde lippen: consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, await /əˈweɪt/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als criminology, offender, probation.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →

Shadowing Practice: Ch 1 Intro to Crim - Learn English Speaking with Video

What is a Crime? (The Six Types of Crimes)

Physiology Chapter 1 | Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis Explained

SEM141 - Speech Acts - An Overview

The 3 ways stupidity spreads throughout a society | Jonny Thomson

What is Philosophy?: Crash Course Philosophy #1

Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1

How young is too young for criminal responsibility? | A Current Affair

Bài giảng Công Lý ở ĐH Harvard Tập 1 Phần 1 360p

The strange reason nobody views their own retaliation as evil | Paul Bloom

How To Get Away with Murder - "Day One and you're unprepared"

Gee: What is Discourse

Introduction to Contract Law

Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Zinnen om te herhalen

Grammatica in deze video

Uitspraak om op te letten

Zo oefen je met deze video

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?