Shadowing Practice: Contemporary Topics 1 Unit 2 LINGUISTICS A time to learn - Learn English Speaking with Video
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How many of you have studied a new language, not the language you grew up speaking?
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Okay.
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Well, today we're going to look at second language acquisition.
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That is, learning a second language.
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And one question that linguists like myself have tried to answer for many years is,
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why is it considerably easier for kids to learn a second language than adults?
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And we're going to look at a few different theories about this.
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First, we'll look at a theory that says there's a critical period or phase or ideal time in life for language learning.
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And then we'll talk about other factors such as the learning environment, attitude, and motivation.
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Now, from the show of hands, I see that many of you had your own personal experience with language learning, and I have recently too.
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I started studying
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Mandarin Chinese, Putonghua, just last year.
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And so I've been going to class, you know, listening to language CDs, and I'm learning, but it's tough.
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It's tough to learn a new language.
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And then today I went into my son's class.
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He's in first grade now.
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And one of my son's friends, Ji Wei, he goes by Stephen now, he He just moved here last fall from China.
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And when he first came into the class, he didn't speak a word of English.
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I mean, not one word.
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But now he's talking away in English, not always perfectly, but very easily, very fluent.
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And I'm like, wow, this is so unfair.
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We've both been studying a new language for the same amount of time, but he's learning it so much more quickly.
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This is in fact something that linguists are very interested in,
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understanding this difference between how kids and adults learn a new language.
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Now one explanation is that there's a critical period for language learning.
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And this theory was first introduced in the 1960s by a linguist named Eric Leneberg.
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And Lenneberg's theory says that during childhood language learning is very easy.
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Basically our brains are just ready for language learning.
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But later, starting in adolescence and as we get older, our brains change.
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We lose this childhood ability and it becomes more difficult to learn language.
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And that's why adults have trouble learning a new language.
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Well, if you're an adult, that's a bit discouraging, right?
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You can look at my son's friend
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Steven, who is six years old, and me, who's 29 plus, and say, well, okay, Steven is still in the critical phase.
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His brain works perfectly right now for language learning, but you, you're way past the critical phase and your brain's already changed,
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so too bad, I'm sorry.
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But wait a minute, is this comparison between me and Stephen really fair?
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I mean, there's an age difference, but there are a lot of other differences as well.
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Can we really say that my lack of progress learning Chinese is only because I've passed the critical phase?
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No, no. Many people, including linguist Robert DeKaiser,
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would say no. So, you have to look at other factors.
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Okay.
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Now, one obvious factor in second language acquisition is environment, the place where the person is learning.
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So Stephen is here in an all English environment where he's speaking English all day at school, and all of his friends speak English.
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Me on the other hand, I'm just taking a class two hours a week.
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So, sure, I listen to my Chinese CDs in my car on the way to work,
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but other than that, I'm not in an environment where I hear a lot of Chinese.
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And I wonder, what if it were the other way around?
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What if I went to China and was in school all day hearing Chinese, and Stephen was studying English only two hours a week?
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Do you think that would change how well we were each learning the language?
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Yeah, I'm sure it would.
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So environment plays a significant role in language acquisition.
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Another factor in second language acquisition is a person's attitude about learning the new language.
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How do you feel about learning?
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Now, when I was watching Stephen in the classroom playing with his friends,
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it was clear he didn't feel at all embarrassed about his English language abilities.
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You know, he can't speak perfectly yet, but when he made a mistake, he didn't care.
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Neither did his friends, they just kept on playing.
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Me on the other hand, I find it very difficult to speak Chinese when I'm not sure what I'm saying.
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I get very nervous and embarrassed and as a result, I don't practice speaking as much as I should.
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So clearly a person's attitude about learning is very important in acquiring a second language.
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Finally, the last factor we'll look at is motivation.
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Why is the person learning the language?
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Now, Stephen is probably very motivated to learn English.
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All his friends speak it, so he needs to learn it in order to play with them.
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I, on the other hand, want to learn Chinese, but I don't need to.
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So we're both motivated to learn, but perhaps my motivation isn't quite as strong.
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All right, so what do we understand about second language acquisition?
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Well, there does seem to be a critical period in childhood when language learning is much easier, but it's important to look at all the factors,
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and there are several, including environment,
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attitude, and motivation, which help decide if someone's going to be a successful language learner.
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As for me, I'm not ready to give up on Chinese just yet.
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So what does everyone think about this critical period theory?
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Like the big thing is that it's harder to learn a language if you're an adult, right?
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Actually speaking from my own experience, I'd say the other factors he mentioned are just as important.
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What other factors?
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Attitude, environment and motivation.
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Those were big for me.
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Really?
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How so?
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Like what was your experience?
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Oh, okay.
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Well, I came to United States from Russia as a teenager.
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And every time I spoke I got so nervous.
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I was afraid people would make fun of me.
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Oh, really?
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I thought kids learned easily.
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Well, I was in high school, so little older.
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Anyway, I made some friends, I watched a lot of TV, and now I feel pretty comfortable talking to anyone.
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Good.
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Amen, what about you?
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What was it like for you?
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Oh, well, to me the critical period explains a lot.
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My niece, who is four, came over here when I did two years ago.
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And she sounds like you guys.
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Really?
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She talks like a native speaker and I'm so jealous.
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Well, you'll get there.
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It's just a matter of time and practice.
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I mean, for two years you sound good, definitely.
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Yeah.
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I wouldn't worry about it.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “Contemporary Topics 1 Unit 2 LINGUISTICS A time to learn”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: language, learning, learn, factor, critical. Deze video bevat 102 zinnen en 1139 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 7:37. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 150 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 88% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is goed te volgen. 21 van de 102 zinnen zijn vragen, dus het is goede oefening voor vraagintonatie en korte antwoorden.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| acquisition zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/ | verwerving |
| motivation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/ | motivatie |
| embarrassed bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɪmˈbæɹ.əst/ | in verlegenheid gebracht |
| motivate werkwoord | /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ | motiveren |
| explanation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | verklaring, toelichting |
| ideal bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | ideaal, optimaal |
| introduce werkwoord | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | introduceren, voorstellen |
| jealous bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈd͡ʒɛl.əs/ | jaloers |
| classroom zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈklɑːsɹʊm/ | klaslokaal |
| acquire werkwoord | /əˈkwaɪɚ/ | verwerven, verkrijgen |
| teenager zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈtiːnˌeɪ̯d͡ʒə/ | tiener, adolescent |
| considerably bijwoord | /kənˈsɪdəɹəbli/ | aanzienlijk |
| amen | /(ˌ)ɑːˈmɛn/ | amen, amen en uit |
| niece zelfstandig naamwoord | /nis/ | nicht, nichtje |
| discourage werkwoord | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | ontmoedigen |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| come over werkwoord | langskomen |
| grow up werkwoord | opgroeien |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- How do you feel about learning?
- Finally, the last factor we'll look at is motivation.
- All right, so what do we understand about second language acquisition?
- Amen, what about you?
- What was it like for you?
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 32 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals I'm, didn't, we'll. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, considerably /kənˈsɪdəɹəbli/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, embarrassed /ɪmˈbæɹ.əst/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/
- /w/ — met ronde lippen: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, acquire /əˈkwaɪɚ/, linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als acquisition, motivation, embarrassed.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.