Практика Shadowing: Contemporary Topics 1 Unit 2 LINGUISTICS A time to learn - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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How many of you have studied a new language, not the language you grew up speaking?

Okay.

Well, today we're going to look at second language acquisition.

That is, learning a second language.

And one question that linguists like myself have tried to answer for many years is,

why is it considerably easier for kids to learn a second language than adults?

And we're going to look at a few different theories about this.

First, we'll look at a theory that says there's a critical period or phase or ideal time in life for language learning.

And then we'll talk about other factors such as the learning environment, attitude, and motivation.

Now, from the show of hands, I see that many of you had your own personal experience with language learning, and I have recently too.

I started studying

Mandarin Chinese, Putonghua, just last year.

And so I've been going to class, you know, listening to language CDs, and I'm learning, but it's tough.

It's tough to learn a new language.

And then today I went into my son's class.

He's in first grade now.

And one of my son's friends, Ji Wei, he goes by Stephen now, he He just moved here last fall from China.

And when he first came into the class, he didn't speak a word of English.

I mean, not one word.

But now he's talking away in English, not always perfectly, but very easily, very fluent.

And I'm like, wow, this is so unfair.

We've both been studying a new language for the same amount of time, but he's learning it so much more quickly.

This is in fact something that linguists are very interested in,

understanding this difference between how kids and adults learn a new language.

Now one explanation is that there's a critical period for language learning.

And this theory was first introduced in the 1960s by a linguist named Eric Leneberg.

And Lenneberg's theory says that during childhood language learning is very easy.

Basically our brains are just ready for language learning.

But later, starting in adolescence and as we get older, our brains change.

We lose this childhood ability and it becomes more difficult to learn language.

And that's why adults have trouble learning a new language.

Well, if you're an adult, that's a bit discouraging, right?

You can look at my son's friend

Steven, who is six years old, and me, who's 29 plus, and say, well, okay, Steven is still in the critical phase.

His brain works perfectly right now for language learning, but you, you're way past the critical phase and your brain's already changed,

so too bad, I'm sorry.

But wait a minute, is this comparison between me and Stephen really fair?

I mean, there's an age difference, but there are a lot of other differences as well.

Can we really say that my lack of progress learning Chinese is only because I've passed the critical phase?

No, no. Many people, including linguist Robert DeKaiser,

would say no. So, you have to look at other factors.

Okay.

Now, one obvious factor in second language acquisition is environment, the place where the person is learning.

So Stephen is here in an all English environment where he's speaking English all day at school, and all of his friends speak English.

Me on the other hand, I'm just taking a class two hours a week.

So, sure, I listen to my Chinese CDs in my car on the way to work,

but other than that, I'm not in an environment where I hear a lot of Chinese.

And I wonder, what if it were the other way around?

What if I went to China and was in school all day hearing Chinese, and Stephen was studying English only two hours a week?

Do you think that would change how well we were each learning the language?

Yeah, I'm sure it would.

So environment plays a significant role in language acquisition.

Another factor in second language acquisition is a person's attitude about learning the new language.

How do you feel about learning?

Now, when I was watching Stephen in the classroom playing with his friends,

it was clear he didn't feel at all embarrassed about his English language abilities.

You know, he can't speak perfectly yet, but when he made a mistake, he didn't care.

Neither did his friends, they just kept on playing.

Me on the other hand, I find it very difficult to speak Chinese when I'm not sure what I'm saying.

I get very nervous and embarrassed and as a result, I don't practice speaking as much as I should.

So clearly a person's attitude about learning is very important in acquiring a second language.

Finally, the last factor we'll look at is motivation.

Why is the person learning the language?

Now, Stephen is probably very motivated to learn English.

All his friends speak it, so he needs to learn it in order to play with them.

I, on the other hand, want to learn Chinese, but I don't need to.

So we're both motivated to learn, but perhaps my motivation isn't quite as strong.

All right, so what do we understand about second language acquisition?

Well, there does seem to be a critical period in childhood when language learning is much easier, but it's important to look at all the factors,

and there are several, including environment,

attitude, and motivation, which help decide if someone's going to be a successful language learner.

As for me, I'm not ready to give up on Chinese just yet.

So what does everyone think about this critical period theory?

Like the big thing is that it's harder to learn a language if you're an adult, right?

Actually speaking from my own experience, I'd say the other factors he mentioned are just as important.

What other factors?

Attitude, environment and motivation.

Those were big for me.

Really?

How so?

Like what was your experience?

Oh, okay.

Well, I came to United States from Russia as a teenager.

And every time I spoke I got so nervous.

I was afraid people would make fun of me.

Oh, really?

I thought kids learned easily.

Well, I was in high school, so little older.

Anyway, I made some friends, I watched a lot of TV, and now I feel pretty comfortable talking to anyone.

Good.

Amen, what about you?

What was it like for you?

Oh, well, to me the critical period explains a lot.

My niece, who is four, came over here when I did two years ago.

And she sounds like you guys.

Really?

She talks like a native speaker and I'm so jealous.

Well, you'll get there.

It's just a matter of time and practice.

100

I mean, for two years you sound good, definitely.

101

Yeah.

102

I wouldn't worry about it.

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FOR YOU

Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Contemporary Topics 1 Unit 2 LINGUISTICS A time to learn». Чаще всего повторяются слова: language, learning, learn, factor, critical. В этом видео 102 предложений и 1139 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:37. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 150 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 88% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика простая. Вопросов здесь 21 из 102 предложений, так что это хорошая тренировка вопросительной интонации и коротких ответов.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
acquisition существительное	/ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/	приобрете́ние
motivation существительное	/ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/	мотива́ция
embarrassed прилагательное	/ɪmˈbæɹ.əst/	стыдли́вый, смущённый
motivate глагол	/ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/	мотиви́ровать
explanation существительное	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	объясне́ние, разъясне́ние
ideal прилагательное	/aɪˈdi(ə)l/	идеа́льный
introduce глагол	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	представля́ть, предста́вить
jealous прилагательное	/ˈd͡ʒɛl.əs/	ревни́вый, ревну́ющий
unfair прилагательное	/ʌnˈfɛɚ/	несправедли́вый
classroom существительное	/ˈklɑːsɹʊm/	класс, кла́ссная ко́мната
acquire глагол	/əˈkwaɪɚ/	добыва́ть, добы́ть
teenager существительное	/ˈtiːnˌeɪ̯d͡ʒə/	подро́сток, тине́йджер
considerably наречие	/kənˈsɪdəɹəbli/	значи́тельно, изря́дно
amen	/(ˌ)ɑːˈmɛn/	ами́нь
niece существительное	/nis/	племя́нница

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
come over глагол	подскочить, подъехать
grow up глагол	расти́, выраста́ть

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

How do you feel about learning?
Finally, the last factor we'll look at is motivation.
All right, so what do we understand about second language acquisition?
Amen, what about you?
What was it like for you?

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 32 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, didn't, we'll. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, considerably /kənˈsɪdəɹəbli/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, acquire /əˈkwaɪɚ/, linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как acquisition, motivation, embarrassed.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: Contemporary Topics 1 Unit 2 LINGUISTICS A time to learn - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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