Shadowing Practice: Demographics Expert Answers Population Questions | Tech Support | WIRED - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
1
I'm Jennifer Shuba and I study demographic data.
2
Let's answer your questions from the internet.
3
This is Population Support.
4
At Verillion 4, how many people have ever lived on this Earth?
5
So there have been about 108 billion people, as an estimate, who have ever taken a breath on planet Earth.
6
If you went back to, say, year one, there would be about 55 billion people who had ever taken a breath.
7
And there are 8 billion people who live on planet Earth, 7% of the 108 billion who have ever taken a breath.
8
Here's a question from Quora.
9
Is the majority of the world's population children or adults?
10
Well, the majority of the world's population is adults.
11
70% of us are over the age of 18.
12
Even in Africa, which is the youngest region in the world, 54% of the population is adults.
13
Countries have seen a steady increase in their life expectancy over time.
14
World population is growing older, and that's because the number of children per woman has gone down.
15
One way to think about it is the average woman about 50 years ago would have had four children in her lifetime,
16
but the average woman globally today has only two.
17
So if we think about lining everyone in the planet up from the youngest person to the oldest person, where would the center of gravity be?
18
The center of gravity has shifted over time as the average number of children per woman has gone down.
19
At JD Crow 13, quiz, what is the fastest growing minority in America?
20
If you answered hipster, then you win the prize.
21
Actually, if you answered Asian Americans, you would win the prize.
22
They are the fastest growing minority in the United States and they're about 7% of the US population.
23
At Benpo 234, what are the signature demographics of a red state versus a blue state?
24
If we think most generally, a red state most often would be more rural, probably have an older population and is whiter.
25
Blue state would have more urban areas, ethnically or racially diverse, and probably a younger population.
26
But you may notice that it doesn't always map that way.
27
That's why on election night, it wasn't really just enough for us to see the 50 states projected on the screen
28
and try to figure out how the election would turn.
29
You could start to zoom in and see really different dynamics, like Tennessee, for example, that is relatively a red state across,
30
and then with these little blue dots in the Memphis, Nashville areas.
31
A state like Maine is the most rural state in the United States, but it still has lots of blue areas and those are its urban areas.
32
So if you're talking about like a House race or a Senate race, you can see how those sub-state,
33
red and blue areas really show up a matter for what a vote looks like.
34
At Stallman's Beard, is immigration a net positive or negative?
35
One way we wanna think about it is through an economic lens.
36
In the United States, immigrants are actually most likely to be of working ages.
37
The U.S has a total fertility rate below replacement level of 1.6 children per woman on average.
38
It means immigration contributes quite a bit to the growth in the working age population here.
39
We can see that foreign-born population, very few children under 5, very few 5 to 17 years of age, much more concentrated in terms of 18 to 64,
40
or those working ages, versus U.S born population, immigration is kind of what propels that overall population growth.
41
If the U.S were to stop all immigration right now,
42
not do anything else between now and the end of the century, the U.S population would shrink by over 30%.
43
AtVenomPilled wants to know why do fertility rates matter?
44
Well, they matter a lot because they impact its age structure, for example, and of course its size.
45
We can actually see this if we look at snapshots in time of a handful of countries in the world today.
46
Females on this side and males on this side from age zero all the way up to over a hundred.
47
So if we're looking at Ethiopia here we can see this classic pyramid shape means
48
that it's a population where women have on average more than two children.
49
So the population is a lot more bottom heavy which means
50
that there are a lot more younger people in the country there.
51
If you had one that's fertility rate of four children per
52
woman on average each generation is twice the size of the one before it.
53
Versus if we look at a country like Turkey, you can see that that center of gravity in terms of ages is in the middle more.
54
And that's because they've had close to replacement level fertility rates for a while.
55
Average number of children of 1.9 per woman.
56
So we see that that population is growing older.
57
The bulk of the people would be here of these working ages.
58
And then we get to Japan.
59
It's not really a population pyramid anymore it's more of a tree.
60
There are lots of older people in this society.
61
Some of that is longevity, and so you can see this narrowing here at the bottom, and that just shows you that women of reproductive ages, they're having under replacement level fertility rates.
62
So why do those fertility rates matter?
63
If you're in Ethiopia and you're a policy maker, probably one of your bigger concerns is how to build enough
64
schools year after year for all of these young people aging into kindergarten, and then how to have enough jobs for those who are aging into the workforce.
65
If you're in Turkey, you're thinking about the working age population, certainly, and their jobs there.
66
But you also need to be thinking about how, in just a few years, these folks will be moving into retirement ages, and how do you plan for that?
67
And if you're in Japan, you're thinking about how schools are closing year after year.
68
You have a much smaller workforce needing to support a growing population of older people.
69
So age structures, which are affected by fertility rates, really matter for even setting the agenda at the national level.
70
At Tommy Boyo is the real issue that we have too many humans on the planet.
71
So in a few hundred years, when the world population is over 50 billion, what will our problems be then?
72
We will never have a population of 50 billion, at least not anywhere close to it with our trends right now.
73
Best estimates are somewhere around the year 2080, and we'll top out at between 9 and 10 billion people.
74
Now, we're reasonably certain about this because our trends in fertility rates and mortality rates, they're following a fairly predictable pattern.
75
The uncertainty comes from really just two things.
76
One is how fast will fertility rates fall in places where they're currently still high?
77
And there really aren't that many places in the world where fertility rates are really high.
78
They're mostly concentrated in a few countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
79
We live in a world where there are only eight countries out of 200-something countries where women have five or more children.
80
That includes Nigeria, for example, which is a pretty big country, keeps global population young.
81
We have not seen any indication that it's gonna come up in places where it's low, so I feel pretty confident we'll be hitting a peak of somewhere between nine and 10 billion people, roughly around the year of 2080.
82
At Hawaiian Pace asks, how can Elon Musk be worried about population decline when Nick Cannon exists?
83
Elon and Nick Cannon maybe have something in common, which is they might be single-handedly trying to change global trends.
84
Global population growth has been declining since the 1960s.
85
You can see this peak here in the mid-1960s.
86
So that rate of growth is really going down over time.
87
This is what's happening beneath the surface, while on top we see world population continuing to grow to where we have 8 billion today.
88
So why is Elon Musk worried about declining population?
89
It's
90
because what's happening right now is the beneath-the-surface trends are starting
91
to catch up to what we actually on the surface where there's over 60 countries in the world that have shrinking populations.
92
We have two parents, so to keep population growth steady, you would want to replace them with two children.
93
That would be a steady growth.
94
But in some countries, Singapore for example, you only have one child born for those two parents.
95
So you can see how those populations of those countries would start to shrink over time.
96
And that's happening especially in a lot of high-income countries.
97
So the reason why somebody like Elon Musk would be concerned
98
about this is you end up with with smaller generations over time, meaning fewer producers and fewer consumers.
99
At Shuffleupagus, I'm on a road trip right now, and I'm wondering what's up with these empty small towns.
100
Are they ghost towns?
101
Is depopulation real?
102
So depopulation is not only real, there are a lot of governments who are really worried about this
103
because of what it means for economic vitality or national security.
104
Take China, for example.
105
Obviously one of the world's biggest economies, huge player on the international stage, but also a rapidly shrinking population.
106
Look at a country like Italy and how many of the villages are depopulating.
107
If you're in Europe, South Korea, Japan, you're seeing areas of the country empty out.
108
We see pictures all over the newspapers of towns and villages in Japan with ivy growing through the windows from abandoned homes.
109
Storefronts start to close.
110
These fertility rates are lower.
111
And then that means the population of these small towns
112
and cities is growing older and older and then eventually dying out without any young people there to replace them.
113
And you don't necessarily see people moving from bigger cities all the way out to very small towns
114
and very rural areas because there's no job opportunities there.
115
Now you do see some retirees doing that.
116
Take a state like Maine, for example.
117
Most rural state in the United States actually has seen an influx of retirees moving there, but that's not because they're moving there for job opportunities.
118
The United States itself is not shrinking overall, but there are plenty of places within the United States that are shrinking.
119
Now we've had plenty of examples of depopulation in the past.
120
I mean, think about Detroit and the collapse of that auto industry there, but we've not ever seen this scale of depopulation.
121
Plus, of course, people often leaving these areas because, you know, once an area starts to depopulate,
122
of course, fewer people will be wanting to stay there that jobs leave, the community and the vitality part of that disappears as well.
123
And so it can kind of accelerate that depopulation.
124
Here is a question from Quora.
125
What countries do most immigrants to America come from?
126
Well, top countries of origin for U.S immigrants in 2022, this number here, 23% were from Mexico,
127
6% from India, 6% from China, 4% Philippines, and then El Salvador, Vietnam, and Cuba, all 3%, and Korea, 2%.
128
This has actually been changing over time.
129
Immigration from Mexico has really dropped over time.
130
Mexico's economy has been growing.
131
Their total fertility rate is actually the same as the fertility rate in the United States, 1.6.
132
And so we've seen less Mexican immigration to the U.S over time as a proportion, whereas we've seen countries to the south of Mexico really increasing.
133
You know, think about gang violence and instability in countries like El Salvador or Guatemala.
134
That's really been a driver of some of that northward migration.
135
So those are the top countries of origin.
136
But if we look broader at the regions, we see that Latin America is 50% of immigrants to the United States in 2022,
137
but Asia was 31% of migrants to the U.S in that year.
138
Smaller percentages for Europe, 10%, Africa, 6%, Canada, and Oceania.
139
At Maureen Jo, why are people leaving California for Texas and Arizona?
140
If we look at the way that the U.S population has changed between the 2010 census and the 2020 census,
141
and you still saw lots of growth in the population in places in California.
142
And this pink here really shows you places where you started to lose population.
143
So a lot of the U.S.
144
Northeast started to see some emptying out.
145
But we saw during the pandemic that people were moving to take advantage of states without income taxes.
146
Nashville really started to boom.
147
Tennessee is a state without an income tax.
148
Florida, similarly, a state without an income tax.
149
A lot of people started to move there jobs would move there as well.
150
After the pandemic, we've really continued to see growth in the U.S.
151
Southeast.
152
Between the middle of 2022 and the middle of 2023, you saw the U.S.
153
Southeast grow by about 1.1%, whereas the Northeast actually shrank, while there were other regions in the U.S that either barely grew or even shrank.
154
Craig's brother Brian wants to know, I've been to the most densely populated city in the world. Have you?
155
Do you know what city that is?
156
I do know it's Manila in the Philippines with approximately 46,000 people per square kilometer.
157
And I haven't been there yet.
158
Doom Bro Max asks, What made the world population increase so drastically after 1900?
159
We had great improvements in public health, sanitation, nutrition, antibiotics, and that allowed those people who were born to live into their reproductive ages.
160
So this chart really lays it out for us.
161
If we go way back in time, 200,000 years ago, there's very little global growth.
162
Even as we go through time, 2000 BCE, for example, or year one, the global population, the number of people here at any one point in time,
163
is really growing slowly.
164
And that's because our birth rates and our death rates, those really matched each other.
165
But we start to see a major shift.
166
Our first one billion people happening here around the year 1800.
167
And then we hit our second billion a lot faster.
168
Three, four, five, six, seven, and now up to eight billion people.
169
And so a lot of those increases are really happening because we're living longer.
170
Dystopian Paradise wants to know, in terms of age, what state has the oldest population?
171
The oldest state is Maine, which has 23% of the population above age 65.
172
Classic Man wants to know which state has the youngest population.
173
That state would be Utah, which has 27% of the population under the age of 18.
174
You may notice that Utah is home to a pretty sizable Mormon population, which tends to have higher births than other populations in the United States.
175
At Justin L.
176
Ung's, what's the biggest difference between millennials and Gen Z?
177
The biggest difference is that globally, Gen Z, or those people who were born from 1997 to 2012,
178
are larger than millennials who were born between 1981 and 1996.
179
But in the United States, millennials are larger than Gen Z.
180
Gen Z, though, is much more racially diverse.
181
So the percentage of Gen Z who are multiracial is about 4% in the United States, whereas it's only 2% among millennials in the U.S.
182
The share of people who are Hispanic is actually about 4%
183
higher among Gen Z in the U.S than it is among millennials in the U.S.
184
At JMP Freedom, WTF is the sandwich generation.
185
Sandwich generation might sound delicious, but it's pretty terrible.
186
It's those who are sandwiched between caring for younger children and caring for older parents.
187
People are having children later in life.
188
There's a trend towards that in the United States, in Japan, South Korea, Germany.
189
And so you could end up with a situation where a woman is taking care of her one
190
or two children at the same time
191
that she's caring for her aging parents who may live with her
192
or who need her to come by and help with medical appointments or grocery shopping.
193
Some people will call this the Panini generation, actually, because these women are being squeezed in the middle.
194
From Reddit, what would happen if all illegal immigrants were deported?
195
Well, in the United States, we've got a stock of around 12 million people in the US.
196
Lots of things would probably happen.
197
There are certain industries in the United States that actually are really heavily dependent on that kind of labor.
198
So the agricultural industry, for example.
199
So you could expect having a harder time getting people to fill those jobs, and then prices for food would rise.
200
The construction industry is much more heavily dependent on that labor, and so we expect it to take longer to get houses built, and prices would rise for that as well.
201
In the United States, there are over 16 million people who live in a household with at least one undocumented person.
202
Over 7% of all kids in the United States have at least one undocumented parents.
203
So we would see families being ripped apart through these deportations.
204
Eric Kroll wants to know, How do factors like income, race, geographic location, etc. affect life expectancy?
205
They affect it a lot.
206
Let's look at income first.
207
So we have here a map of the U.S with the counties drawn out.
208
We can see here that some of the poorest counties in the United States, like McDowell County, West Virginia,
209
with a median income of under $29,000 a year, has a life expectancy well below the U.S national average.
210
The same is true for Buffalo County, South Dakota, with a median income of just over $30,000 a year.
211
East Carroll, Paris, Louisiana, also one of our poorest counties.
212
And Miss Aquina County, Mississippi, life expectancy of under 75 years and median household income of only over $17,000 a year.
213
It's not just powerful geography on the U.S scale, it's also powerful at the global scale.
214
So here's a couple of different ways to slice it.
215
Let's stay over here with this yellow color for now.
216
Global life expectancy in 2024.
217
High-income countries, life expectancy is 81 years.
218
Middle income, 73 years.
219
But low-income countries, life expectancy is only 65 years.
220
Most people know this, but of course, sex matters.
221
Females tend to live longer than males.
222
76 years on average globally versus 71 years for their male counterparts.
223
Mostly demographers will nail down that men tend to be in riskier jobs.
224
When you get to the very oldest ages, they're very heavily female with women outliving men.
225
So that's something that countries either are or should be talking about when it comes to health care, social security.
226
These things all go together.
227
They all affect the life expectancy of an individual.
228
And of course, we aggregate that and they affect the life expectancy of a country as well.
229
At Chaudish Hamblino wants to know, what country has the lowest life expectancy?
230
I can't take another 62 years of this pish.
231
Okay, well, lowest life expectancy at birth for males is in Chad and that's at 53 years.
232
Lowest life expectancy at birth for females is in Nigeria and that is 55 years.
233
At Izaz Real, what country has the highest life expectancy?
234
Well, the answer for males is tiny Monaco, which has only 40,000 people, but where males born can be expected to live to age 84.
235
Monaco and other small countries like Liechtenstein, they're really rich.
236
They're small and rich, and so we know that income level actually is very highly correlated with life expectancy.
237
If you're thinking in terms of, you know, countries you'd be more familiar with, those bigger ones, in Japan, females live to about 87 years.
238
Isaac wants to know, people are living longer, but are they living healthier at the same time?
239
Healthy life expectancy is one thing, and overall life expectancy is another.
240
Healthy life expectancy is how many years can you expect to
241
live in good health versus how many years you might live overall.
242
I think ideally for any of us, you want that gap to be as narrow as possible.
243
So if we look at Haiti, for example, you're only expected to live to age 56 healthy, and then overall to age 64.
244
That's a gap of eight years.
245
This gap here really represents the end of life lived in less than ideal health.
246
That may mean something as little as difficulty with something like going up the stairs all the way to being bedridden.
247
It does affect how long you could work, for example.
248
How many years would you live healthy after retirement?
249
Could you have actually retired later?
250
That's something that's really relevant to all these countries as their populations age.
251
So Haiti's at one end of the spectrum.
252
Japan's at the other end of the spectrum.
253
They could expect to live longer in good health to age 74 and then overall to age 84.
254
Now that's a gap of 10 years.
255
The United States, though, is an outlier because our gap between healthy years lived and overall years lived is 12 years.
256
So that means the average American lives the end of their life many more years less than ideal health than somebody in, say, even Bangladesh, where it's only 10 years,
257
or in Canada where it's 11.
258
So when I think about how well will the U.S fare as its population ages,
259
I really worry because it is very expensive to be sick in the United States of America.
260
There's some real dings to the economy in our future if we have this kind of gap, 12 years between our healthy life expectancy and our overall life expectancy.
261
New guy, username one.
262
What's the most populous country on earth?
263
Well, the most populous country on earth is India.
264
And the second most populous is China.
265
Both of them have about 1.4 billion people.
266
Far below that comes the United States, followed by Indonesia and Pakistan.
267
If we count up the most populous countries, those five, plus if we add in Nigeria and Brazil,
268
together those would make up a little over half of the world's population.
269
At Arroyo Liotta, so how did China's one-child policy work out?
270
So the one-child policy from 1979 was a law the Chinese government put in place saying
271
that mostly everyone could only have one child.
272
Naturally, in a population, there are about 105 boys born for every 100 girls.
273
That's just the way that it happens.
274
So that's represented by this orange line here.
275
And because there are really strong norms of male preference, of son preference in China, most of these families wanted to have a boy.
276
And that's why when you have restriction to just one child and your first child is a girl, we see that those that did have a second or third child,
277
you know, maybe those who were part of ethnic minority populations that were exempt from this one-child policy,
278
those second and third children had far more skewed sex ratios at birth, and that is because of sex-selective abortion.
279
Now, when I was born, which was more that way, there were no ultrasound technology.
280
Like, my parents would not have known if I was a boy or a girl before I came out.
281
These folks here, they could see in utero whether or not this child would be a boy or a girl.
282
And many of them, as we see, took measures to make sure that they would have a boy.
283
So when we're looking at a sex ratio at birth for the third baby born, somewhere here around just a little bit before the year 2000,
284
there were nearly 160 males born for every 100 females born.
285
A tremendously skewed sex ratio at birth, a lot different from the natural sex ratio of 105 males born for every 100 females.
286
If these were people who were born just before the year 2000, they are now entering their late 20s.
287
And that means that there are millions more males than there are females of these different ages.
288
So China is already a country with well below replacement fertility rates and a rapidly shrinking population.
289
It certainly does not help the population grow any faster
290
that there are millions of missing females of reproductive ages that would have been born without the one-child policy.
291
A Claude asks, What change in demographics are you concerned about?
292
One trend that people are concerned about is a youthful population.
293
So this would be one where a huge proportion of the population is of younger ages.
294
Think children or teenagers.
295
A place like Niger or Mali having some of the youngest populations in the world, they are at a greater risk of having coups, more political instability.
296
But there are also opportunities associated with these types of youthful populations.
297
Working age populations are shrinking, so a youthful population actually has lots of opportunity for economic growth.
298
Wholesome E.
299
Coli asks, what does demography mean?
300
At the broadest level, demography is just studying human populations.
301
We're thinking about those human population changes.
302
And with those, there are just three ingredients to think about fertility changes, mortality changes, and migration changes, or shifts in births, deaths, and migration.
303
Those in different combinations give you different outcomes and gives us a lot to study.
304
Kiwi75 asks, let's look at which countries are growing fastest.
305
Growing economy is what we need.
306
The two fastest growing countries are South Sudan and Chad whose populations are growing at about six percent a year.
307
South Sudan and Chad are in Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa is is a region of the world with the highest fertility rates.
308
And so one out of every four children in the world will actually be African by the year 2050.
309
That's because fertility rates are lower in other regions and they're higher in sub-Saharan Africa.
310
Northern Africa, however, does actually have lower fertility rates.
311
If we think about what would make a population grow, it's having lots of people of reproductive ages and a high number of births per person.
312
Over half of the world's projected population growth between now and 2050 will come from just eight countries.
313
Now that includes India, which interestingly enough, is a country that has below replacement fertility rates, fewer than two children born per woman on average.
314
So why is it still growing and why is it contributing so much to world population growth?
315
That's the momentum of the past.
316
Those cohorts of women of reproductive ages are larger from when fertility rates were higher in the past.
317
So the average number of children born per woman is smaller now, but there are a lot of those women.
318
At Misa Alexeev, why do Latin American migrants to the United States have such a high birth rate?
319
After all, their birth rate is low in their homeland.
320
Or Latinos come to the United States with a very high total fertility rate?
321
Well, you're right, that actually in the homeland, those fertility rates are lower.
322
If you look at this map, those blue countries represent the two thirds of Latin American countries with below replacement fertility, so below two.
323
Even these handful in gray that are above, They're not that far above, like Bolivia, the total fertility rate of 2.5 children born per woman.
324
Think about someone who comes to the United States as an immigrant.
325
They're typically of working ages, which also means that they're typically of reproductive ages.
326
It just so happens that they're of those ages where they're more likely to have children.
327
So it's not really true that they have such a high birth rate.
328
It's just true that they tend to come of ages where they are more likely to be having children.
329
We also know that when people stay in a country, when an immigrant stays in a country,
330
very quickly the norms shift to match that of the reproductive norms around the native-born population.
331
So within a generation, you usually see those immigrant fertility rates come right down to where the native-born population is.
332
At underscore Jan underscore P, how are illegal immigrants counted?
333
Well, first we want to think about how anybody is counted.
334
In the United States and many other countries, there is a census around every 10 years or so.
335
But along the way, in between those times, we have regular surveys like the Current Population Survey or the American Community Survey.
336
And so you can kind of put these together to get a snapshot of what the population would look like.
337
If you want to know how many illegal or irregular immigrants there are in a population, you would take the number of legal migrants that you know,
338
and then you would take what you know from these censuses about how many people are in an area
339
and this residual or this difference is the estimate of those people who are here outside the legal system.
340
And it is an estimate.
341
Some people don't answer.
342
Sometimes you can think about somebody who is in the country illegally, lives in a household with people who are there legally.
343
And so the head of household might fill out the census and say how many people are living there, but it doesn't quite track with how many people are in the area that, you know, through legal immigration means.
344
And so you can kind of look at those leftover numbers to estimate that.
345
We always take these with a grain of salt, but demographers do use all their context clues and use all the data to try to estimate that.
346
At Weekly Humorist, a new study says that in the future most of the world will live in megacities, and their office will be in any of the window stools at Starbucks that can reach an outlet.
347
Well, this is certainly what sci-fi would tell us about megacities, which is amalgamations of population in areas of 10 million or more.
348
I don't necessarily think it's the case, but it will depend on where you are in the world.
349
I mean, there's countries like Bangladesh, for example, they just frankly don't have any extra space.
350
So we do see really densely populated areas.
351
There are people who are leaving rural areas for urban areas to seek better economic opportunity.
352
Year 1800, for example, only about 3% of the world's population lived in urban areas.
353
Now we have over 58% of the world's population living in urban areas.
354
So generally there is a trend towards moving in that direction.
355
We also see the opposite we had seen during the pandemic some people leaving those urban cores for smaller cities
356
or suburban areas tbd on how
357
that shakes out in the future at rod t3 how do mortality rates in the u.s compare to other countries
358
so with that you're asking about the number of people dying per 1000
359
so if you're japan you would have a higher mortality rate
360
because you have a lot of older people than maybe a country
361
that actually has a less healthy population i bet what you really want want to know about is life expectancy, especially life expectancy at birth.
362
How many years would a person born today be expected to live?
363
And in the United States, life expectancy at birth is about 78 years old.
364
Even Canada, our neighbor to the north, has a life expectancy at birth of 82 years.
365
U.S life expectancy has not really been keeping pace with increases the way that we would expect it to.
366
And that's because health in the U.S is frankly really bad.
367
And in terms of access to health care, that can be really uneven from rural to urban areas or by race as well.
368
A non-Hispanic black woman in the United States is three
369
and a half times more likely to die during pregnancy or shortly thereafter than a non-Hispanic white woman.
370
So all of these things combined, the opioid crisis, another factor in there, these drive U.S life expectancy lower.
371
From Reddit, Ronin Solutions says, Ukraine's population is nosediving.
372
Can anything be done?
373
How can Ukraine build a future in the face of ominous population statistics?
374
That's a great question.
375
About 10 million people have left since the war started.
376
And this is a country that already had a history of emigration or e-migration, people leaving for opportunities in Western Europe, for example, for work.
377
It's also a country that already had well below replacement fertility rates.
378
So with fewer births and lots of people leaving, they are having a serious situation with a population that is shrinking.
379
and there's not really much that can be done about it.
380
We know from countries around the world, everywhere from Germany to Canada to Japan,
381
that governments can play very little role in raising fertility rates
382
through things like tax incentives or paying for different credits for having children.
383
So not much can be done on that.
384
When the war ends and the country begins to rebuild, hopefully that will open up lots of economic opportunity and the peace there will attract some people to come back.
385
Some of those 10 million people may come back and start to build lives there.
386
So those are all the questions for today.
387
I hope you have seen that demography is a really powerful lens with
388
which to view this complex world of 8 billion people.
389
Thanks for watching Population Support.
📺 Zelfde Kanaal
B11
Millie Bobby Brown Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily Conversation
B11
BTS Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily Conversation
B11
Is Priyanka Chopra Jonas Vegan?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B11
Riverdale Cast Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B11
Madison Beer Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B21
Daniel Radcliffe Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B24
Retired Navy SEAL Explains How to Prepare for Dangerous Situations | Tradecraft | WIRED
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2Owen Wilson Answers The Web’s Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
Jack Black & Paul Rudd Answer The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B22
Dolly Parton Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
Ricky Gervais Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B13
TXT Answer The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
TeensDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B27
Giancarlo Esposito Answers The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily Conversation
B22
Chris Evans & Ana de Armas Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
Sexuality Professor Answers Dating Questions | Tech Support | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
Urban Designer Answers City Planning Questions From Twitter | Tech Support | WIRED
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2330
Tokyo’s Vertical Farms - The Future of Farming | WIRED
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
History Professor Answers Corruption Questions | Tech Support | WIRED
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
Cleo Abram Answers The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B12
Baker Answers Baking Questions from Twitter | Tech Support | WIRED
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
✨ Aanbevolen Video
B213
33 zinnen
Why Do India And China Have So Many People?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
217 zinnen
Does Age Matter In Relationships? | Tell My Story
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B210
33 zinnen
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C110
19 zinnen
What is the “generation gap problem”?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
31 zinnen
What happens to old electronic devices when you upgrade?
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B23
115 zinnen
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 10 URBAN PLANNING 21st century
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
169 zinnen
The Male Reading Crisis
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
136 zinnen
How Living Abroad Changed How I See America
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2507 zinnen
Modern identity labels | Intermediate-advanced English listening | Chatterbox 331
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
377 zinnen
Extended interview: Jamie Dimon on AI, Iran and more
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
220 zinnen
India is Leading the World | Palki Sharma Upadhyay | Palki Sharma | VidyaDaan | WOX NEWS
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B27
12 zinnen
The World’s Most Average Person
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “Demographics Expert Answers Population Questions”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: population, rate, countries, fertility, expectancy. Deze video bevat 389 zinnen en 5583 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 30:33. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 183 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. 85% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| fertility zelfstandig naamwoord | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | vruchtbaarheid |
| immigrant zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/ | inwijkeling, ingewekene |
| depopulation zelfstandig naamwoord | /diˌpɑ.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/ | ontvolking |
| mortality zelfstandig naamwoord | /mɔɹˈtælɪti/ | sterfelijkheid, mortaliteit |
| youngest bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/ | jongst |
| migration zelfstandig naamwoord | /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/ | migratie |
| census zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsɛnsəs/ | volkstelling |
| demography zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/ | demografie, bevolkingsleer |
| migrant zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/ | migrant, migrante |
| demographic bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/ | demografisch |
| norm zelfstandig naamwoord | /nɔːm/ | norm |
| median zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmiː.di.ən/ | mediaan |
| demographer zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈmɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/ | demograaf, demografe |
| populate werkwoord | /ˈpɒp.jʊˌleɪt/ | bevolken |
| skew werkwoord | /skju/ | afleiden |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| come back werkwoord | terugkomen | |
| go down werkwoord | afdalen | |
| come out werkwoord | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | uitkomen |
| figure out werkwoord | uitvogelen, er achter komen | |
| fill out werkwoord | /fɪl ˈaʊt/ | invullen |
| show up werkwoord | tentoonstellen | |
| work out werkwoord | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | uitrekenen |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- Let's answer your questions from the internet.
- Do you know what city that is?
- Let's look at income first.
- How many years would you live healthy after retirement?
- Could you have actually retired later?
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Voorwaardelijke zinnen if + zin, will/would + werkwoord — een voorwaarde en het gevolg | if you answered Asian Americans, you would win · If we think about what would make · if you're japan you would have |
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — iets dat eerder begon en nog bezig is | has been declining · has actually been changing · has been growing |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | have ever lived · have been · have ever taken |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | are affected · would be concerned · were born |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 60 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals they're, you're, we've. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De “th”-klanken: youthful /ˈjuθfəl/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/, thereafter /ˌðɛɹˈæf.tɚ/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: depopulation /diˌpɑ.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, proportion /pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/, restriction /ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, expectancy /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/, reproductive /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, depopulation /diˌpɑ.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/, millennial /mɪˈlɛn.ɪ.əl/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: reproductive /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, pyramid /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/, homeland /ˈhoʊmˌlænd/, sandwich /ˈsæn(d).wɪd͡ʒ/, lens /lɛnz/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, vitality /vaɪˈtælɪti/, homeland /ˈhoʊmˌlænd/, frankly /fɹæŋkli/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/, youngest /ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, demography /dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/, migrant /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als fertility, immigrant, depopulation.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.