Shadowing Practice: Nitrates: Nursing Pharmacology - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
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What?
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you Nitrates are medications that come under the umbrella of a larger group called vasodilators, which dilate the walls of blood vessels.
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Nitrates are primarily used to treat angina pectoris, which is pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle as well as hypertension and heart failure.
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More recently, they've also been approved for the topical treatment of anal fissures.
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The most commonly used nitrates include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.
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Out of these, nitroglycerin has a rapid and short -lasting action, so when treating acute anginal pain or hypertension,
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it's typically given through rapidly absorbable routes, like sublingual, oral spray, or intravenously, to bypass the first -pass metabolism in the liver,
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which would slow its absorption.
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For long -term prevention, though, routes of administration can include transdermal patches, topical ointments, or extended -release oral capsules.
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Nitroglycerin can also be administered rectally for the treatment of anal fissures.
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On the other hand, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate have a longer duration of action and are typically administered orally as tablets,
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or sustained release capsules which makes them useful for the long -term prevention of angina pectoris
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or to treat clients with heart failure.
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Once absorbed into the blood, nitrates quickly get converted into their active form,
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called nitric oxide, Nitric oxide diffuses to the smooth muscle cells of both veins and arteries, causing wall relaxation and vasodilation.
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The result of venous vasodilation is peripheral blood pooling, which in turn decreases the return of venous blood to the heart.
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This way, nitrates predominantly reduce preload, which is the pressure that stretches the heart as it fills with blood from venous return.
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At the same time, arterial vasodilation lowers the systemic vascular resistance, which will also reduce the afterload,
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or the pressure that the heart must work against to eject the blood.
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Ultimately, by reducing preload and afterload, nitrates reduce the amount of work the heart has to do, eventually decreasing the heart's oxygen consumption.
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Nitrates also have a minor effect on the dilation of the coronary arteries, which helps increase oxygen delivery to heart tissue.
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Common side effects of nitrates include headache, dizziness, flushing, nausea, and vomiting.
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Another important side effect of nitrates is orthostatic hypotension, where the blood pressure falls significantly when the client stands up too quickly.
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As a result, these clients could experience lightheadedness or syncope due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
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In addition, clients may experience reflex tachycardia,
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which is caused by the sympathetic system triggering an increase in heart rate in response to the hypotension caused by nitrates, in order to maintain tissue perfusion.
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Now, clients who continuously use nitrates soon develop tolerance to these side effects.
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Unfortunately, clients may also develop tolerance to the therapeutic effects of nitrates, especially with uninterrupted use.
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Clients can prevent this by avoiding using nitrates for several hours each day.
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Finally, nitrates are contraindicated in individuals with hypotension, hypovolemia, severe anemia, and cardiomyopathy.
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Nitrates should be used carefully during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as well as in clients with increased intracranial pressure or cerebral hemorrhage,
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renal or hepatic disease, and syncope.
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As far as drug interactions go, nitrates should never be combined with other substances that cause vasodilation,
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such as alcohol, Medications used to treat erectile dysfunction including sildenafil,
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tadalafil, or vardenafil or antihypertensive agents like beta blockers or calcium channel blockers.
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If taken together, their effects add up and may lead to a steep fall in blood pressure, cardiovascular collapse, and even death.
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Now, before administering a nitrate,
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complete a baseline assessment, including frequency and severity of angina pain and vital signs especially blood pressure.
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Review their health history for angina risk factors, such as hypertension.
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Next, check your client's latest laboratory report including CBC, hepatic and renal function, as well as their lipid profile.
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Then be sure they understand how angina happens, and explain how the medication helps reduce or prevent angina by improving blood flow to the heart.
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Lastly, after administering the nitrate, remain with your client and continuously monitor their vital signs, especially blood pressure.
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Continue to assess for worsening symptoms, such as chest pain and side effects, and for the desired therapeutic response.
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Ok, when teaching your client about sublingual nitroglycerin, explain that nitrates are sensitive to light,
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moisture and heat, so advise them to store their nitroglycerin pills in their original container at room temperature
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but also remind them to carry a small number of their pills with them at all times.
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Teach them that taking a sip of water before putting their pill under their tongue will help it dissolve
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and get into their system faster.
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In addition, let them know that it's normal for them to feel a slight burning
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or tingling under their tongue while the medication dissolves.
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Be sure to remind your client to not swallow the medication
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and instruct them to avoid eating or drinking anything for 15 minutes after administration to ensure the medication is fully absorbed.
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Let them know about common side effects they may experience, such as headache, which can be managed with acetaminophen,
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and orthostatic hypotension, which can increase the risk of falls.
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So teach your client to make position changes slowly, especially if they feel lightheaded.
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Lastly, stress the importance of avoiding other substances that can excessively lower blood pressure, such as alcohol and medications used for erectile dysfunction.
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If your client experiences angina with activity, remind them to take the nitroglycerin prior to precipitating activities or situations,
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such as playing sports or mowing the lawn.
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If they're taking the nitrate for acute angina, instruct them to call emergency services if the pain does not resolve within five minutes after one dose.
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While awaiting emergency care to arrive, let them know that they may take a second and third dose five minutes apart.
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Now, if your client is prescribed transdermal nitroglycerin patches, instruct them to apply a new patch each day on a hairless part of their body.
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To prevent the development of nitrate tolerance, stress the importance of incorporating about 12 hours of nitrate free time every 24 hours, usually during the night.
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For example, if your client has angina with activity, instruct them to apply their patch at 8 a .m and then remove it at 8 p .m.
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Finally, remind your client to take their medication as directed, and warn them that stopping abruptly could result in vasospasm.
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Alright, as a quick recap, nitrates are medications mainly used to treat angina pectoris, hypertension, and heart failure.
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Once administered, nitrates are quickly converted into their active form, nitric oxide, which causes vasodilation and ultimately reduces preload and afterload.
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while improving blood flow through the coronary arteries.
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Clients who are prescribed nitrates should be advised about side effects, including headache, dizziness, flushing, nausea,
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orthostatic hypotension, and reflex tachycardia.
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Nitrates should be avoided in clients with problems such as hypotension and hypovolemia, and they should never be combined with other substances that cause vasodilation,
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such as alcohol or medications for erectile dysfunction.
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Finally, continuous administration of nitrates can lead to tolerance, and clients can prevent this by avoiding using nitrates for several hours each day.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Nitrates: Nursing Pharmacology”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: nitrate, client, blood, angina, medication. Deze video bevat 77 zinnen en 1219 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 9:21. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 130 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. Slechts 70% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| nitrate zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈnaɪˌtɹeɪt/ | nitraat |
| hypotension zelfstandig naamwoord | hypotensie | |
| vasodilation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌvæ.sə(ʊ).daɪˈleɪ.ʃ(ə)n/ | vaatverwijding, vasodilatatie |
| hypertension zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈtɛn.ʃən/ | hypertensie |
| instruct werkwoord | /ɪnˈstɹʌkt/ | instrueren |
| tolerance zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈtɑ.lə.ɹəns/ | verdraagzaamheid, tolerantie |
| dysfunction zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən/ | disfunctie |
| artery zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ | slagader, arterie |
| oxide zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɑksaɪd/ | oxide |
| headache zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈhɛdeɪk/ | hoofdpijn, koppijn |
| pill zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɪl/ | pil |
| coronary bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/ | coronair |
| dissolve werkwoord | /dɪˈzɑlv/ | ontbinden, oplossen |
| dizziness zelfstandig naamwoord | duizeligheid | |
| fissure zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɪʃ.ɚ/ | spleet |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| stand up werkwoord | opstaan |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + werkwoord — een vroegere gewoonte of toestand die niet meer klopt | used to treat |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | been approved · be administered · is caused |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | pectoris, which is · capsules which makes · preload, which is |
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De “th”-klanken: therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, thrive /θɹajv/, sympathetic /ˌsɪm.pəˈθɛt.ɪk/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: vasodilation /ˌvæ.sə(ʊ).daɪˈleɪ.ʃ(ə)n/, hypertension /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈtɛn.ʃən/, dysfunction /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, fissure /ˈfɪʃ.ɚ/, flush /ˈflʌʃ/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: vasodilation /ˌvæ.sə(ʊ).daɪˈleɪ.ʃ(ə)n/, administer /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stə/, hypertension /ˌhaɪ.pɚˈtɛn.ʃən/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, hypovolemia /haɪpoʊvəˈliːmiə/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: oxide /ˈɑksaɪd/, dissolve /dɪˈzɑlv/, prescribe /pɹɪˈskɹaɪb/, absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/, breastfeed /ˈbɹɛs(t)fiːd/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: angina /ˈæn.d͡ʒɪ.nə/, vasodilation /ˌvæ.sə(ʊ).daɪˈleɪ.ʃ(ə)n/, hepatic /həˈpætɪk/, tachycardia /ˌtæk.ɪˈkɑː.di.ə/, lastly /ˈlæstli/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: sublingual /sʌbˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/, tingle /ˈtɪŋɡəl/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als nitrate, hypotension, vasodilation.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.