Shadowing Practice: AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Generative AI Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Everybody's talking about artificial intelligence these days, AI.
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Machine learning is another hot topic.
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Are they the same thing or are they different?
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And if so, what are those differences?
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And deep learning is another one that comes into play.
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I actually did a video on these three, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, and talked about where they fit.
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And there were a lot of comments on that, and I read those comments, and I'd like to address some of the most frequently asked questions
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so that we can clear up some of the myths and misconceptions around this.
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In addition, something else has happened since that video was recorded, and that is the absolute explosion of this area of generative AI.
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Things like large language models and chatbots have seemed to be taking over the world.
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We see them everywhere.
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Really interesting technology.
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And then also things like deepfakes.
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These are all within the realm of AI, but how do they fit within each other?
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How are they related to each other?
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We're going to take a look at that in this video
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and try to explain how all these technologies relate and how we can use them.
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First off, a little bit of a disclaimer.
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I'm going to have to simplify some of these concepts in order to not make this video last for a week.
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So those of you that are really deep experts in the field, apologies in advance.
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But we're going to try to make this simple and that will involve some generalizations.
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First of all, let's start with AI.
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Artificial intelligence is basically trying to simulate with a computer something that would match or exceed human intelligence.
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What is intelligence?
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Well, it could be a lot of different things, but generally we tend to think of it as the ability to learn, to infer, and to reason, things like that.
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So that's what we're trying to do in the broad field of AI, of artificial intelligence.
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And if we look at a timeline of AI, it really kind of started back around this timeframe.
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And in those days, it was very premature.
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Most people had not even heard of it.
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And it basically was a research project.
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But I can tell you as an undergrad, which for me was back during these times, we were doing AI work.
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In fact, we would use programming languages like Lisp or Prolog,
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and these kinds of things were kind of the predecessors to what became later expert systems.
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This was a technology, again, some of these things existed previous, but that's when it really hit kind of a critical mass and became more popularized.
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Expert systems of the 1980s, maybe in the 90s, and again, we used technologies like this.
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All of this was something that we did before we ever touched in to the next topic I'm going to talk about.
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That's the area of machine learning.
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Machine learning is, as its name implies, the machine is learning.
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I don't have to program it.
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I give it lots of information and it observes things.
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For instance, if I start doing this, if I give you this and then ask you to predict what's the next thing that's going to be there, well, you might get it, you might not.
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You have very limited training data to base this on.
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But if I gave you one of those and then ask you what to predict would happen next, well, You're probably going to say this, and then you're going to say it's this, and then you think you got it all figured out,
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and then you see one of these, and then all of a sudden I give you one of those and throw you a curve ball.
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So this, in fact, and then maybe it goes on like this.
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So a machine learning algorithm is really good at looking at patterns and discovering patterns within data.
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The more training data you can give it, the more confident it can be in predicting.
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So predictions are one of the things that machine learning is particularly good at.
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Another thing is spotting outliers like this and saying, oh, that doesn't belong in .. it looks different than all the other stuff because the sequence was broken.
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So that's particularly useful in cybersecurity, the area that I work in, because we're looking for outliers.
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We're looking for users who are using the system in ways that they shouldn't be or ways that they don't typically do.
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So this technology, machine learning, is particularly useful for us.
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And machine learning really came along and became more popularized in this timeframe, in the 2010s.
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And again, back when I was an undergrad riding my Dinosaur to class, we were doing this kind of stuff.
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We never once talked about machine learning.
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It might have existed, but it really hadn't hit the popular mindset yet.
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But this technology has matured greatly over the last few decades, and now it becomes the basis of a lot we do going forward.
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The next layer of our Venn diagram involves deep learning.
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Well it's deep learning in the sense that with deep learning we use these things called neural networks.
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Neural networks are ways that in a computer we simulate and mimic the way the human brain works, at least to the extent that we understand how the brain works.
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It's called deep because we have multiple layers of those neural networks.
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The interesting thing about these is they will simulate the way a brain operates, but I don't know if you've noticed,
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but human brains can be a little bit unpredictable.
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You put certain things in, you don't always get the very same thing out and deep learning is the same way.
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In some cases, we're not actually able to fully understand why we get the results we do
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because there are so many layers to the neural network, it's a little bit hard to decompose and figure out exactly what's in there.
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But this has become a very important part and a very important advancement.
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That also reached some popularity during the 2010s and as something
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that we use still today as the basis for our next area of AI.
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The most recent advancements in the field of artificial intelligence all really are in this space, the area of generative AI.
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Now I'm going to introduce a term that you may not be familiar with.
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It's the idea of foundation models.
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Foundation models is where we get some of these kinds of things.
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For instance, an example of a foundation model would be a large language model, which is where we take language and we model it
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and we make predictions in this technology where if I see certain types of words, then I can sort of predict what the next set of words will be.
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I'm going to oversimplify here for the sake of simplicity, but think about this as a little bit like the auto-complete.
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When you start typing something in and then it predicts what your next word will be, except in this case with large language models, they're not predicting the next word,
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they're predicting the next sentence, the next paragraph, the next entire document.
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There's really an amazing exponential leap in what these things are able to do.
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We call all of these technologies generative because they are generating new content.
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Some people have actually made the argument that the generative AI isn't really generative,
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that these technologies are really just regurgitating existing information and putting it in different format.
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Let me give you an analogy.
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If you take music, for instance, then every note has already been invented.
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So, in a sense, every song is just a recombination,
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some other permutation of all the notes that already exist already and just putting them in a different order.
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Well, we don't say new music doesn't exist.
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People are still composing and creating new songs from the existing information.
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I'm going to say Gen.AI is similar.
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It's an analogy, so there'll be some imperfections in it, but you get the general idea.
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Actually new content can be generated out of these and there are a lot of different forms that this can take.
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Other types of models are audio models, video models, and things like that.
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Well in fact, these we can use to create deepfakes.
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And deepfakes are examples where we're able to take,
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for instance, a person's voice and recreate that and then have it seem like the person said things they never said.
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Well, it's really useful in entertainment situations, in parodies and things like that.
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where if someone's losing their voice, then you could capture their voice and then they'd be able to type
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and you'd be able to hear it in their voice.
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But there's also a lot of cases where this stuff could be abused.
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The chatbots, again, come from this space.
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The deepfakes come from this space.
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But they're all part of generative AI and all part of these foundation models.
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This again is the area that has really caused all of us to really pay attention to AI.
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possibilities of generating new content, or in some cases, summarizing existing content and giving us something that is bite-sized and manageable.
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This is what has gotten all of the attention.
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This is where the chatbots and all of these things come in.
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In the early days, AI's adoption started off pretty slowly.
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Most people didn't even know it existed, and if they did, it was something that always seemed like it was about five to 10 years away.
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But then machine learning, deep learning, and things like that came along, and we started seeing some uptick.
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Then foundation models, Gen AI and the light came along and this stuff went straight to the moon.
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These foundation models are what have changed the adoption curve and now you see AI being adopted everywhere.
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And the thing for us to understand is where this is, where it fits in, and make sure that we can reap the benefits from all of this technology.
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If you like this video and want to see more like it, please like and subscribe.
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If you If you have any questions or want to share your thoughts about this topic, please leave a comment below.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This C1 speaking lesson is built on the video “AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Generative AI Explained”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: learning, model, machine, deep, intelligence. This video has 114 sentences and 1738 words to shadow. The speech runs for 9:55. The speaker talks at a natural 175 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. 87% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English; the rest is worth studying before you start.
Key vocabulary in this video
The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| predict verb | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | To make a prediction: to forecast, foretell, or estimate a future event on the basis of knowledge and reasoning; to prophesy a future event on the basis of… |
| generative adjective | /ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/ | Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing. |
| deepfake noun | /ˈdipˌfeɪk/ | A convincingly realistic but fake image, video, or audio created with the use of artificial intelligence, especially one that imposes the face of one person… |
| neural adjective | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | Of, or relating to the nerves, neurons or the nervous system. |
| chatbot noun | /ˈtʃætbɑt/ | A computer program that holds conversations through a chat room. |
| simulate verb | /ˈsɪm.jə.lət/ | To model, replicate, duplicate the behavior, appearance or properties of. |
| outlier noun | /ˈaʊtˌlaɪə(ɹ)/ | A person or thing situated away from the main body or outside its proper place. |
| popularize verb | American and Oxford British spelling of popularise | |
| undergrad noun | An undergraduate. | |
| analogy noun | /əˈnæləd͡ʒi/ | A relationship of resemblance or equivalence between two situations, people, or objects, especially when used as a basis for explanation or extrapolation. |
| advancement noun | /ædˈvæns.mənt/ | The act of advancing; promotion to a higher place or dignity |
| prediction noun | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | A statement of what will happen in the future. |
| compose verb | /kəmˈpəʊz/ | To make something by merging parts. |
| cybersecurity noun | /saɪbəsɪˈkjʊəɹɪtɪ/ | Security against electronic attacks such as cyberwarfare or cyberterrorism. |
| decompose verb | /ˌdiːkəmˈpəʊz/ | To separate or break down (something) into its components. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| come along verb | To accompany. | |
| figure out verb | To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce. | |
| clear up verb | /klɪəˈɹʌp/ | To clarify, to correct a misconception. |
| going forward adverb | In the immediate future and beyond. | |
| start back verb | To begin a return trip to a starting point. | |
| start off verb | To begin. | |
| take over verb | To assume control of something, such as a business or enterprise, and sometimes by force. |
Grammar in this video
The structures the speaker uses most, with the exact words from the video:
| Structure | In the video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — a past action that still matters now | has happened · have seemed · has matured |
| Passive voice be + past participle — the focus is on what happens, not who does it | was recorded · was broken · been invented |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 33 contractions and reduced forms, such as we're, don't, I'm. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “th” sounds: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, myth /mɪθ/
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, imperfection /ɪmpɚˈfɛkʃən/, misconception /ˌmɪs.kənˈsɛp.ʃən/, permutation /ˌpɝ.mjʊˈteɪ.ʃ(ə)n/
- Long words — get the stress right: generative /ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/, analogy /əˈnæləd͡ʒi/, cybersecurity /saɪbəsɪˈkjʊəɹɪtɪ/, exponential /ˌɛk.spəˈnɛn.t͡ʃəl/, imperfection /ɪmpɚˈfɛkʃən/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like predict, generative, deepfake.
What is the Shadowing Technique?
Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.