Prática de Shadowing: Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

you -

Thank you.

Okay, diddly doddly, neighborinos.

So let's go ahead and get started.

Like I said, they're going to be taping all semester long.

So if you come in late it's probably best if you come in through the back door And so if

You two or three guys right there would probably generally try to keep those seats open so maybe move I don't know.

That way if people come in late, would that be a huge issue if people are walking in or not really?

all over.

Alright, so basically try to fill up this side first rather than

leave kind of these couple of slots over here for students that come in late.

Does that make sense?

Okay.

All right.

- Thank you.

Thank you.

- The President and the President of the United States.

Thank you.

So let's kind of start off here with our discussion What?

Thank you.

So, the father of economics is generally considered a guy by the name of Adam Smith.

And he wrote a book in 1776 called The Wealth of Nations.

Thank you.

By the way, I have really bad handwriting.

I'm going to try to do my best to make it

good for you but I generally say everything that I write and basically almost write everything that I say.

So Adam Smith was a Scottish economist,

and legend has it and I'm going to draw this picture of Here's Lower England and here's Scotland.

So we have Scotland up here.

All right, we've got Lower England here.

And the Thank you history is, the myth, the rumor, whatever, as he's going from Scotland to England,

he notices that basically as soon as he crosses the border, Everything in England is better.

People are richer.

They're better educated.

They're wealthier.

the kids live longer, infant mortality rates are lower,

basically every single metric that you could think of to say and compare life in one country to another, it's better in England than it is in Scotland.

Okay, and this gets into thinking about why is this, right?

I mean we have the same language,

similar culture, similar religion What is it that makes nations wealthy.

Right?

Because up until this point you have a system called mercantilism Thank you.

Thank you.

and mercantilism says well what makes a country rich as gold and silver right?

So under mercantilism you have this idea that you want gold and silver coming into the country, In other words, you want lots of exports.

So we're going to export goods and services, we're going to have gold and silver coming in.

That's what makes the country wealthy if we have lots of gold and silver.

What kind of goods and services can we make and sell to other people and then there's gold and silver coming in.

That's what makes the country wealthy.

right?

That was the system of mercantilism.

Adam Smith says, "No, I don't think that's right.

He says what makes the countries wealthy is something different than that.

This is a completely different way of thinking about the world.

Now what other significant event happens in 1776.

Declaration of Independence, right?

It is not coincidence that the Declaration of Independence on the Wealth of Nations Both come out in the same year.

That's not coincidence.

right?

Because people over here in America are saying to themselves look We have this king over here who's saying, do this, do that.

We don't think that's the way the world works.

We think people are smart enough to figure things out on their own.

We think people have Political freedom.

Adam Smith comes along and says essentially the exact same thing except under the

kind of guise of economics and here in essence he's saying look, in essence what you can do is you can have

Thank you an invisible hand Thank you can solve a lot of these economic problems.

All right.

because in essence what you have at this time you've got countries like France that will have 13 ,000 different regulations

Thank you.

on how to build a chair.

Thank you.

Not 13 ,000 different regulations total, 13 ,000 different regulations on how to build a chair.

All right?

If you have 13 ,000 different rules on how to build a chair, Thank you.

Is making a chair easy or is it hard?

That's going to be pretty hard, right?

And you know some of these regulations counteract each other, right?

This regulation says the chair must be no higher than 32 inches

and there's another regulation that says the chair must be no lower than 32 inches. or whatever.

And Adam Smith says, "Look, you don't need all this." If you're a company building chairs, and your chairs collapse when people sit in them,

you're going to go out of business.

if you're a company that makes chairs and

when you sit in your chairs people are comfortable and the chair doesn't collapse you're going to stay in business

The invisible hand is going to say, these people that are making products well are going to stay in business.

These people that don't make products well are not going to stay in business.

you don't need the government coming in and saying we have all these different regulations on how you're going to build things.

In essence, he's saying, just like you have over here in the U .S.,

In Philadelphia in 1776 people saying look we don't need a government coming in and saying all this stuff.

People are smart enough to figure things out for themselves.

It's the exact same thing over here.

All right.

It's an entirely different new way of thinking about the world.

Clock.

So, let's look at the economic problem. in detail, all right?

Thank you.

100

There it is.

101

That's what we do.

102

How are we going to turn resources into goods and services?

103

This is what economists deal with.

104

Right?

105

And what we have here is that these resources are limited and scarce.

106

meaning that there's not an infinite amount of them.

107

and since we're not God we cannot create goods and services out of thin air

108

We have to use these resources to make these goods and services.

109

That means these guys.

110

are going to be limited and scarce.

111

So which goods and services do we produce?

112

How are we going to produce them?

113

Which sets of resources do we use to make those goods and services?

114

That's what economists do.

115

Economics is really a decision science.

116

Thank you.

117

Thank you.

118

It is not something to deal with stocks and bonds.

119

we have stuff to say about that.

120

But it's basically a decision science.

121

Which sets of resources do we want to turn into goods and services?

122

How are we going to turn those resources into goods and services?

123

how we're going to distribute those resources, those goods and services, etc. That's what economics is all about, right?

124

If economics was about picking stocks and bonds, And people ask me that all the time, what stock should I buy?

125

Dude, I don't know.

126

If I knew what stock to buy, I wouldn't be working.

127

If your broker knew what stock to buy, he would not be working.

128

This is what economists deal with.

129

We turn with these resources and these goods and services.

130

So let's kind of define some terms here.

131

We kind of have an idea of what scarcity is.

132

Thank you.

133

Scarcity is the fact Thank you.

134

Thank you.

135

that there are insufficient resources Thank you.

136

Thank you.

137

Thank you.

138

Thank you.

139

Thank you.

140

to produce all the goods and services that people want.

141

Thank you.

142

Okay.

143

Thank you.

144

Thank you.

145

Right?

146

So you're gonna have to make a choice.

147

Basically that's what that says.

148

which should be obvious.

149

Thank you.

150

So we know that these guys are limited and scarce We know we can't create these guys out of thin air, therefore these guys are going to be limited and scarce.

151

How are we going to distribute them?

152

That's economics in a nutshell.

153

What we study is how do we get from here to here.

154

That's what we study.

155

Thank you.

156

Okay.

157

So when we're looking at these goods and services, let's look at these different types.

158

We've got goods, Thank you.

159

All right?

160

things that are scarce and desirable, Thank you.

161

Thank you.

162

beyond what is freely available, Thank you.

163

Thank you.

164

All right, so here's our goods, stuff that basically all the goods and services are is just stuff that we want.

165

All right but it doesn't have to be tangible things.

166

Leisure time is a good.

167

stuff that we want.

168

All right, so we have these economic goods.

169

Thank you.

170

and we've got these economic bats.

171

So, our economic bads are things that we don't want.

172

Thank you.

173

Thank you.

174

Thank you.

175

Thank you.

176

Things that are undesirable.

177

Thank you.

178

Pollution, crime.

179

Thank you.

180

et cetera.

181

Right?

182

Thank you.

183

So economists are interested in, well, okay, What sets of goods and services do we want?

184

What sets of goods and services and things do we don't want, economic bads we don't want?

185

and how we're going to achieve that.

186

And that this definition might not be the same for everything.

187

Right?

188

So, for example, Here's a pizza.

189

So when it was just my wife and I, we could get by by just ordering one pizza because there was just two of us.

190

Now we have three kids and we have to get like four or five, but That's another story.

191

So here's our pizza here, right?

192

So she hates pepperoni pizza.

193

She hates it.

194

So I love it, right?

195

So I'm getting half pepperoni and we're getting half cheese.

196

and invariably, Thank you.

197

You're going to get a little bitty piece of pepperoni on that little slice of pizza, and that whole piece of pizza is now infected.

198

Right?

199

It's not a matter of I'm going to pull the pepperoni off and eat this cheese pizza.

200

It's the whole slice is infected.

201

And so, when it comes to eating, she's eating this part right here.

202

Right?

203

So here's her, and then here's me eating all this part, right?

204

Yay me, right?

205

That's why my cholesterol is at 712 and hers is at 110.

206

I don't know what my cholesterol is.

207

But the point is that to me pepperoni pizza is an economic good, I like it.

208

To her, it's an economic bet.

209

right?

210

So it's not that there's a universal definition for goods and bads.

211

Goods are just stuff that you desire, the bads are things that you don't desire.

212

All right.

213

Thank you.

214

Thank you.

215

- Thank you.

216

- Thank you.

217

Bless you.

218

Thank you.

219

Thank you.

220

Poo.

221

Thank you.

222

Thank you.

223

Thank you.

224

Thank you.

225

Thank you.

226

Thank you.

227

Thank you.

228

Thank you.

229

A couple of other ideas we want to keep before we start looking at these resources in more detail.

230

That's the idea of positive economics and normative economics.

231

Positive basically looks at what is.

232

Thank you.

233

Thank you.

234

Normative looks at what should be.

235

or what ought to be.

236

Thank you.

237

Thank you.

238

All right.

239

Thank you.

240

Thank you.

241

So these guys right here are testable.

242

These guys right here are value judgments.

243

Okay.

244

Thank you.

245

So let's look at an example.

246

Thank you.

247

Thank you.

248

Thank you.

249

The federal budget deficit.

250

Thank you. should be smaller.

251

Okay.

252

The federal budget deficit Thank you.

253

is $300 billion.

254

Thank you.

255

Thank you.

256

Thank you.

257

minimum wage, should be increased.

258

Thank you.

259

Thank you.

260

Thank you.

261

increasing the minimum wage, Increases, arrow going up, increases, arrow going down, decreases.

262

Increases.

263

the unemployment rate Thank you.

264

Thank you.

265

Thank you.

266

among black males.

267

Thank you.

268

Thank you.

269

I've got four statements here.

270

One, two, three, four.

271

Which guy's positive, which guy's normative?

272

The federal budget deficit should be smaller, positive and normative.

273

Normative, right?

274

This guy is normative.

275

Thank you.

276

Federal budget deficit is $300 billion, positive or normative?

277

Positive.

278

Is it true?

279

Maybe.

280

Maybe.

281

but it's still a positive statement.

282

Thank you.

283

Thank you.

284

Thank you.

285

Minimum wage should be increased, positive or normative.

286

Normative.

287

Thank you.

288

Thank you.

289

Increase in minimum wage, increases in unemployment among black males, positive or normative.

290

positive.

291

Is it true?

292

Maybe.

293

The idea here is that it's testable.

294

Thank you.

295

maybe increasing the unemployment the minimum wage makes unemployment among black males goes Damn.

296

Maybe it has no effect.

297

The point is that it's a testable hypothesis.

298

You can go out and you can collect data and you can see whether it's true or not.

299

These guys are untestable hypotheses.

300

They're value judgments right?

301

the minimum wage should be increased.

302

Somebody else says, "Oh I think it should go down." We're done.

303

All right.

304

There's nothing left to say.

305

So generally speaking, what type of economics do you think we want to do?

306

Positive or normative?

307

Positive.

308

Right?

309

Because this right here is like we're done.

310

And what else can you say?

311

All right, we'll pick it up from here. On Friday.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Prática de Shadowing: Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Por que praticar a conversação com este vídeo?

Gramática e expressões em contexto

Armadilhas comuns de pronúncia

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?