Prática de Shadowing: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Criando lição...
1
I’d like you to take a second and really look at yourself.
2
I don’t mean take stock of your life, which really isn't any of my business, but I mean just look at your body.
3
Hold up a hand and wiggle it around. Take a sip of water. Hold your breath. Sniff the air.
4
These things are so simple for most of us that we don’t give them a moment’s thought.
5
But each one of those things is, oh, SO much more complex than it feels.
6
Every movement you make, every new day that you live to see, is the result of a collection of systems working together to function properly.
7
In short, you, my friend, are a magnificent beast.
8
You are more convoluted and prolific and polymorphously awesome than you probably even dare to think.
9
For instance, did you know that, if they were all stretched out, your intestines would be about as long as a three story building is tall?
10
Or that by the time you reach old age, you’ll have produced enough saliva to fill more than one swimming pool?
11
Or that you lose about two-thirds of a kilogram every year in dead skin cells? And you will lose more than 50 kilograms of them in your lifetime? Just tiny, dried-up pieces of you, drifting around your house, and settling on your bookshelves, feeding entire colonies of dust mites.
12
You’re your own little world.
13
And I’m here to help you get to know the body that you call a home, through the twin disciplines of anatomy - the study of the structure and relationships between body parts, and physiology - the science of how those parts come together to function, and keep that body alive.
14
Anatomy is all about what your body is, physiology is about what it does. And together, they comprise the science of us.
15
It’s a complicated science - I’m not gonna lie to you - and it draws on a lot of other disciplines, like chemistry and even physics. And you’ll have to absorb a lot of new terms - lots of Latin, gobs of Greek.
16
But this course isn't just gonna be an inventory of your individual parts, or a diagram of how a slice of pizza gives you energy.
17
Because these disciplines are really about why you’re alive right now, how you came to be alive, how disease harms you, and how your body recovers from illness and injury.
18
It's about the big-picture things that we either spend most of our time thinking about, or trying not to think about: death, and sex, and eating, and sleeping, and even the act of thinking itself.
19
They’re all processes that we can understand through anatomy and physiology.
20
If you pay attention, and if I do my job well enough, you’ll come out of this course with a richer, more complete understanding not only of how your body works, to produce everything from a handshake to a heart attacks, but I think you’ll also start to see that you really are more than just the sum of your parts.
21
We have come to understand the living body by studying a lot of dead ones.
22
And for a long time, we did this mostly in secret.
23
For centuries, the dissection of human bodies was very taboo in many societies. And as a result, the study of anatomy has followed a long, slow, and often creepy road.
24
The 2nd century Greek physician Galen gleaned what he could about the human form by performing vivisections on pigs.
25
Da Vinci poked around dead bodies while sketching his beautifully detailed anatomical drawings, until the pope made him stop.
26
It wasn’t until the 17th and 18th centuries that certified anatomists were allowed to perform tightly regulated human dissections -- and they were so popular that they were often public events, with admission fees, attended by the likes of Michelangelo and Rembrandt The study of human anatomy became such a craze in Europe that grave-robbing became a lucrative, if not legal, occupation … until 1832, when Britain passed the Anatomy Act, which provided students with plentiful corpses, in the form of executed murderers.
27
Today, students of anatomy and physiology still use educational cadavers to learn, in person and hands-on, what’s inside a human body by dissecting them.
28
And it’s totally legal. The cadavers are volunteers -- which is what people mean when they say they’re “donating their body to science.” So what have all of these dead bodies shown us?
29
Well, one big idea we see over and over is that the function of a cell or an organ or a whole organism always reflects its form.
30
Blood flows in one direction through your heart simply because its valves prevent it from flowing backward In the same way, your your bones are strong and hard and this allows them to protect and support all your soft parts.
31
The basic idea -- that what a structure can do depends on its specific form -- is called the complementarity of structure and function.
32
And it holds true through every level of your body’s organization, from cell to tissue to system.
33
And it begins with the smallest of the small: atoms.
34
Just like the chair you’re sitting on, you are just a conglomeration of atoms -- about 7 octillion of them, to be precise.
35
Fortunately for both of us here, we've covered the basics of chemistry that every incoming physiology student needs to know, in Crash Course Chemistry. So I’ll be referring you there throughout the course, when it comes to how things work at the atomic level.
36
But the next level up from the chemistry of atoms and molecules includes the smallest units of living things -- cells.
37
All cells have some basic functions in common, but they also vary widely in size and shape, depending on their purpose.
38
For example! One of the smallest cells in your body is the red blood cell, which measures about 5 micrometers across. Now contrast that with the single motor neuron that runs the length of your entire leg, from your big toe to the bottom of your spine, about a meter from end to end. Typically, cells group with similar cells to form the next level of organization: tissues, like muscles, membranes and cavity linings, nervous, and connective tissues. When two or more tissue types combine, they form organs -- the heart, liver, lungs, skin and etcetera that perform specific functions to keep the body running.
39
Organs work together and combine to get things done, forming organ systems. It’s how, like, the liver, stomach, and intestines of your digestive system all unite to take that burrito from plate to pooper.
40
And finally, all those previous levels combine to form the highest level of organization -- the body itself.
41
Me and you and your dog -- we’re all glorious complete organisms, made from the precise organization of trillions of cells in nearly constant activity.
42
This ability of all living systems to maintain stable, internal conditions no matter what changes are occurring outside the body is called homeostasis, and it’s another major unifying theme in anatomy and physiology.
43
Your survival is all about maintaining balance -- of both materials and energy.
44
For example, you need the right amount of blood, water, nutrients, and oxygen to create and disperse energy, as well as the perfect body temperature, the right blood pressure, and efficient movement of waste through your body, all that needs to stay balanced.
45
And by your survival depending on it? I mean that everyone’s ultimate cause of death is the extreme and irreversible loss of homeostasis.
46
Organ failure, hypothermia, suffocation, starvation, dehydration -- they all lead to the same end, by throwing off your internal balances that allow your body to keep processing energy.
47
Take an extreme and sudden case -- your arm pops off. If nothing is done quickly to treat such a severe wound, you would bleed to death, right?
48
But … what does that really mean? What's gonna happen? How do I die?
49
Well, that arterial wound, if left untreated, will cause a drastic drop in blood pressure that, in turn, will prevent the delivery of oxygen throughout the body.
50
So the real result of such an injury -- the actual cause of death -- is the loss of homeostasis.
51
I mean, you can live a full and healthy life without an arm. But you can’t live without blood pressure, because without blood, your cells don’t get oxygen, and without oxygen, they can’t process energy, and you die.
52
With so many connected parts needed to make your life possible, you can see how we need a hyper-precise language to identify the parts of your body and communicate what’s happening to them A doctor isn't gonna recommend a patient for surgery by telling the surgeon that the patient has an “achey belly.” They’re going to need to give a detailed description -- essentially, it's like a verbal map So, over time, anatomy has developed its own standardized set of directional terms that described where one body part is in relation to another.
53
Imagine a person standing in front of you -- this is what’s called the classic anatomical position -- where the body is erect and facing straight ahead, with arms at the sides and palms forward.
54
Now imagine slicing that person into different sections, or planes. Don't imagine it too graphically though.
55
The sagittal plane comes down vertically and divides a body or organ in left and right parts.
56
If you imagine a plane parallel to the sagittal plane, but off to one side, that plane is the parasagittal.
57
The coronal, or frontal plane splits everything vertically into front and back.
58
And the transverse, or horizontal plane divides the body top and bottom.
59
Look at that body again and you’ll notice more divisions, like the difference between the axial and appendicular parts.
60
Everything in line with the center of the body -- the head, neck, and trunk -- are considered axial parts, while the arms and legs -- or appendages-- are the appendicular parts that attach to the body’s axis.
61
Everything at the front of your body is considered anterior, or ventral, and everything in the back is posterior, or dorsal.
62
So your eyes are anterior, and your butt is posterior, but you’d also say that your breastbone is anterior to, or in front of, the spine, and that the heart is posterior to, or behind the breastbone.
63
Features toward the top of your body, like your head, are considered superior, or cranial, while structures that are lower down are inferior, or caudal.
64
So the jaw is superior to the lungs because it’s above them, while the pelvis is inferior to the stomach because it’s below it.
65
And, there's more: if you imagine that center line running down the axis of a body, structures toward that midline are called medial, while those farther away from the midline are lateral.
66
So the arms are lateral to the heart, and the heart is medial to the arms.
67
Looking at the limbs -- your appendicular parts of your body -- you’d call the areas closer to the center of the trunk proximal, and those farther away distal.
68
In anatomy-talk, your knee is proximal to your ankle because it’s closer to the axial line, while a wrist is distal to the elbow because it’s farther from the center.
69
Okay, so pop quiz!
70
I’m eating a club sandwich -- I'm not, I wish I was, but imagine I am. I’m so ravenous and distracted that I forget to take out that little frilly toothpick at the top, and I end up swallowing it with a raft of turkey, bacon, and toast.
71
A fragment of the toothpick gets lodged somewhere in here, and my doctor takes an x-ray, and says I need surgery.
72
Using anatomical language, how would she direct the surgeon to that tiny wooden stake inside of me?
73
She might describe it as being “along the medial line, posterior to the heart, but anterior to the vertebrae, inferior to the collarbone, but superior to the stomach.” That would give the surgeon a pretty good idea of where to look -- in the esophagus, just above to the stomach! I warned you at the beginning: Lots of terms!
74
But all those terms might have just saved my life. And it’s the end of your first lesson, and you’ve already started to talk the talk.
75
Today you learned that anatomy studies the structure of body parts, while physiology describes how those parts come together to function. We also talked about some of these disciplines’ central principles, including the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of organization, and how the balance of materials and energy known as homeostasis is really what keeps you alive. And then we wrapped it all up with a primer on directional terms, all held together with a toothpick.
76
Thank you for watching, especially to our Subbable subscribers, who make Crash Course available not just to themselves, but also everyone else in the world. To find out how you can become a supporter, just go to subbable.com.
77
This episode was written by Kathleen Yale, edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant, is Dr. Brandon Jackson. Our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins, the script supervisor is Valerie Barr, the sound designer is Michael Aranda, and the graphics team is Thought Café.
📺 Mesmo canal
C11
Vectors and 2D Motion: Crash Course Physics #4
TOEFL PrepCambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B21
The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C11
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C12
Unit Conversion & Significant Figures: Crash Course Chemistry #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
What Is Myth? Crash Course World Mythology #1
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B25
Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Vídeo recomendado
C18
103 frases
Physiology Chapter 1 | Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis Explained
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C110
168 frases
The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
146 frases
The Most Complex Language in the World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
52 frases
Human Anatomy Eye
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
219 frases
Review of Musculoskeletal System (Bones & Muscles) - Biology Lectures Series
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1155 frases
Carbon... SO SIMPLE: Crash Course Biology #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
43 frases
🏥 Locating Organs with Surface Landmarks: Do You Know Where Key Organs Are?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
86 frases
Who Am I?
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
59 frases
Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C214
136 frases
Human digestive system - How it works! (Animation)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
612 frases
The 600 Million Year Story of the Human Brain | FULL DOCUMENTARY
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C19
13 frases
How to Master Human Anatomy 🧠📚 – Course Preview | Lecturio
University StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 77 frases e 2211 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:11. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 198 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras menos comuns do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
- anatomy /əˈnætəmi/ (substantivo) — anatomia. The science that deals with the form and structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization.
- physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ (substantivo) — fisiologia. A branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical…
- organ /ˈɔːɡən/ (substantivo) — órgão. The larger part of an organism, composed of tissues that perform similar functions.
- stomach /ˈstʌmək/ (substantivo) — estômago. An organ in animals that stores food in the process of digestion.
- chemistry /ˈkɛm.ɪ.stɹi/ (substantivo) — química. The branch of natural science that deals with the composition and constitution of substances and the changes that they undergo as a consequence of alterations…
- tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ (substantivo) — tecido. Thin, woven, gauzelike fabric.
- oxygen /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ (substantivo) — oxigênio, oxigénio. The chemical element (symbol O) with an atomic number of 8 and relative atomic mass of 15.9994. It is a colorless and odorless gas. Sometimes called elemental…
- discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ (substantivo) — disciplina. A controlled behaviour; self-control.
- anterior /ænˈtɪɹ.i.ɚ/ (adjetivo) — anterior. Nearer the forward end, especially in the front of the body; nearer the head or forepart of an animal.
- superior /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/ (adjetivo) — superior. Higher in rank, status, or quality.
- combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ (verbo) — combinar. To bring (two or more things or activities) together; to unite.
- precise /pɹɪˈsaɪs/ (adjetivo) — preciso. Both exact and accurate.
- surgeon /ˈsɝd͡ʒən/ (substantivo) — cirurgião. One who performs surgery; a doctor who performs operations on people or animals.
- inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/ (adjetivo) — inferior. Lower in rank, status, or quality.
- atom /ˈætəm/ (substantivo) — átomo. The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
- look at (verbo) — observar, ver. To observe or watch.
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar em, pensar sobre. To ponder.
- drop in (verbo) — aparecer. To arrive casually and unannounced, with little or no warning; also, to visit without an appointment.
- end up (verbo) — terminar, acabar. To bring to a conclusion.
- find out (verbo) — descobrir. To discover, as by asking or investigating.
- run down (verbo) — atropelar. To hit someone with a car or other vehicle and injure or kill them.
- stand in (verbo) — substituir. To substitute for; to replace
- take out (verbo) — tirar, remover. To remove.
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 37 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I'm, you'll, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: anatomy /əˈnætəmi/, physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, anterior /ænˈtɪɹ.i.ɚ/, superior /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como anatomy, physiology, organ.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado | if left untreated, will cause |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | were allowed · is called · is done |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have produced · have come · has followed |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.