Prática de Shadowing: Carbon... SO SIMPLE: Crash Course Biology #1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
155 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
If you're wondering, this is how the most revolutionary course in biology of all time begins.
2
Come today to learn about covalent and ionic and hydrogen bonds.
3
What about electron orbitals and the octet rule?
4
And what does it all have to do with a madman named Gilbert Lewis?
5
It's all contained within.
6
Hello, I'm Hank.
7
I assume you're here because you're interested in biology, and if you are, that makes sense, because Like any good Fitty Sense song,
8
biology is just about sex and not dying.
9
Everyone watching this should be interested in sex and not dying, being that you are, I assume, a human being.
10
I'm gonna be teaching this biology course differently than most courses you've ever taken in your life.
11
For example, I'm not going to spend the first class talking about how I'm going to spend the rest of the class.
12
I'm just going to start teaching you, like right about now.
13
I may say one more thing before I start teaching.
14
Yes, I am going to.
15
It's that, um, if I'm going too fast for you, great thing about YouTube is that you can just rewind, watch stuff over and over again if it's confusing,
16
and hopefully it will become less confusing, and you're even allowed to to fast -forward through the bits that you already know.
17
Another tip: you can actually even use the number keys on your keyboard to move around in the video.
18
And I promise, you can do this to me as much as you want, and I'm totally not gonna mind.
19
A great professor of mine once told me that in order to really understand any topic, you have to understand a little bit of the level of complexity just below that topic.
20
The level of complexity just below biology is chemistry.
21
Unless you're a biochemist, in which case you would argue that it's biochemistry.
22
Either way, we're gonna have to know a little bit of chemistry in
23
order to get to get to get to the next topic get through biology and so that my friends, is where we're gonna start.
24
I am a collection of organic molecules called Hank Green.
25
Organic compounds are a class of compounds that contain carbon.
26
When I say carbon is small, I mean that it's actually, you know, as an atom, it's a relatively small atom.
27
It has six protons and six neutrons for a total atomic weight of 12.
28
Because of that, carbon doesn't take up a lot of space.
29
And so carbon can form itself into weird rings and sheets and spirals and double and even triple bonds.
30
It can do all sorts of things that could never be accomplished by more bulky atoms.
31
It's basically, you know, your atomic equivalent of an Olympic gymnast.
32
It can only do all of those wonderful, beautiful, elegant things because it's kind of tiny.
33
I also said that carbon is kind, and that's an interesting sort of thing to say about an atom.
34
It's not like some other elements that are just desperately trying to do anything they can to fill up their electron orbitals.
35
No, carbon knows what it's like to be alone, Chlorine or sodium is.
36
Elements like chlorine, if you breathe them in, they like literally tear up your insides and sodium, sodium is insane.
37
If you like put it in water, it explodes.
38
Carbon though, Meh.
39
It wants more electrons, but it's not gonna like kill to get them.
40
It makes and breaks bonds like a 13 year old mall rat and it doesn't even hold a grudge.
41
Carbon is also, as I mentioned before, a bit of a tramp because it needs four extra electrons
42
and so it'll bond with pretty much whoever happens to be nearby.
43
And also because it needs four electrons, it'll bond with two or three or even four of those things at the same time.
44
And carbon you know, willing and interested to bond with lots of different molecules, like hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or to other molecules of carbon.
45
It can do this in infinite configurations, allowing it to be the core atom of complicated structures that make living things like ourselves.
46
Life is entirely based on this element.
47
Carbon is the foundation of biology.
48
It's so fundamental that scientists have a pretty difficult time even conceiving of life that isn't based on carbon.
49
with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons.
50
Atoms have electron shells, and they need to have these shells filled in order to be happy, fulfilled atoms.
51
So carbon has six total electrons, two for the first shell, so it's totally happy, and four of the eight it needs to fill the second shell.
52
Carbon forms a type of bond that we call covalent.
53
This is when atoms actually are sharing electrons with each other.
54
So in the case of methane, which is pretty much the simplest carbon compound ever,
55
carbon is sharing its four electrons Electrons only have one electron, so they want their first s orbital filled.
56
Carbon shares its four electrons with those four hydrogens, and those four hydrogens each share one electron with carbon.
57
So everybody's happy.
58
In chemistry and biology, this is often represented by what we call Lewis -Dott structures.
59
Good lord, I'm in a chair.
60
I'm in a chair and there's a book.
61
Apparently I have something to tell you that's in this book.
62
Which is a book called Lewis: Asses and Bases.
63
by Hank Green.
64
Gilbert Lewis, the guy who thought up Lewis dot structures, was also the guy behind Lewis acids and bases.
65
He was nominated for the Nobel Prize.
66
35 times.
67
This is more nominations than anyone else ever in history, and the number of times he won is roughly the same number of times that everyone else in the world has won.
68
which is zero.
69
Lewis disliked this a great deal.
70
It's kind of like a baseball player having more hits than any other player in history, and no home runs.
71
He may have been the most influential chemist of all time.
72
He coined the term photon, he revolutionized how we think about acids and bases, and he produced the first molecule of heavy water.
73
He was the first person to conceptualize the covalent bond that we're talking about right now.
74
Gilbert Lewis died alone in his laboratory while working on cyanide compounds after having and who had worked on the Manhattan Project.
75
Many suspect that he killed himself with the cyanide compounds that he was working on, but the medical examiner said a heart attack.
76
without really looking into it.
77
I told you all that because, uh, the little Lewis -Dott structure that we use to represent how, uh, atoms bond to each other,
78
is something that was created by a troubled, uh, mad genius.
79
It's not some abstract scientific thing that's always existed, it's a tool that was thought up by a guy and it was so useful that we've been using it ever since.
80
In biology, most compounds can be displayed in Lewis -Dott structure form, and here's how that works.
81
These structures basically show how atoms bond together to make up molecules.
82
And one of the rules of thumb when making these diagrams is
83
that the elements that we're working with here react with one another in such a way
84
that each atom ends up with eight electrons in its outermost shell.
85
That is called the octet rule, because atoms want to complete their octets of electrons to be happy and satisfied.
86
Oxygen has six electrons in its octet and needs two, which is why we get H2O.
87
It can also bond with carbon, which needs four, so you get two double bonds to two different oxygen atoms and you end up with CO2.
88
That pesky global warming gas and also the stuff that makes all life on Earth possible.
89
Nitrogen has five electrons in its outer shell.
90
Here's how we count them: there are four placeholders.
91
Each of them wants two atoms.
92
And like people getting on a bus, they prefer to start out not sitting next to each other.
93
I'm not kidding about this, they really don't double up until they have to.
94
So for maximum happiness, nitrogen bonds with three hydrogens, forming ammonia.
95
Or with two hydrogens, sticking off another group of atoms, which we call an amino group.
96
acid group, then you have an amino acid.
97
You've heard of those, right?
98
Sometimes electrons are shared equally within a covalent bond, like with O2.
99
That's called a nonpolar covalent bond.
100
But often, one of the participants is more greedy.
101
In water, for example, the oxygen molecule sucks the electrons in
102
and they spend more time with the oxygen than with the hydrogens.
103
This creates a slight positive charge around the hydrogens and a slight negative charge and negative pole,
104
and so it's a polar covalent bond.
105
Now let's talk for a moment about a completely different type of bond, which is an ionic bond.
106
And that's when, instead of sharing electrons, atoms just completely, wholeheartedly donate or accept an electron from another atom, and then live happily as a charged atom.
107
And there actually is no such thing as a charged atom.
108
If an atom has a charge, it's an ion.
109
Atoms, in general, prefer to be neutral.
110
emotionally balanced and sexually satisfied, atoms will sometimes make sacrifices for that octet.
111
The most common ionic compound in our daily lives is, uh, salt.
112
Sodium chloride, NACL.
113
The stuff, despite its deliciousness, as I mentioned previously, is made up of two really nasty chemicals: sodium and chlorine.
114
Chlorine is what we call a halogen, which is an element that only needs one electron to fulfill its octet, and sodium is an alkali metal,
115
which means that it only has one electron in its octet.
116
So chlorine and sodium are so close to being satisfied
117
that they will happily destroy anything in their path in order to fulfill their octet.
118
outcome than just to get chlorine and sodium together and have them loving on each other.
119
They immediately transfer their electrons so that sodium doesn't have its one extra and chlorine fills its octet.
120
They become Na + and Cl - and are so charged
121
that they stick together and we call that stickiness an ionic bond.
122
And just like if you have two really crazy friends, it might be good to get them together so that they'll stop bothering you, same thing works with sodium and chlorine.
123
You get those two together and they'll bother no one.
124
And suddenly they don't want to destroy, they just want to be delicious.
125
Chemical changes like this are are a big frickin' deal.
126
Remember, chlorine and sodium just a second ago were definitely killing you, and now they're tasty.
127
Now we're coming to the last bond that we're going to discuss in our intro to chemistry here, and that's the hydrogen bond.
128
Imagine that you remember water.
129
I hope that you didn't forget water.
130
Since water is stuck together in a polar covalent bond, the hydrogen bit is positively charged and the oxygen bit is negatively charged.
131
So when water molecules are moving around, we generally think of them as a perfect fluid, You can actually see this with your eyes.
132
If you fill up a glass of water too full, it will bubble at the top.
133
The water will stick together at the top.
134
These relatively weak hydrogen bonds happen in all sorts of chemical compounds.
135
They don't just happen in water.
136
And they actually play an extremely important role in proteins, which are the chemicals that pretty much make up our entire bodies.
137
A final thing to note here is that bonds, even covalent bonds, ionic bonds, even with their own class, are often much different strengths.
138
I tend to just write them with a little line, but that line can represent a very, very strong covalent bond or a relatively weak covalent bond.
139
Sometimes ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds, though that's generally not the case, and the strength of covalent bonds varies wildly.
140
How these bonds are made and broken is intensely important to life and to our lives.
141
Making and breaking bonds is, in fact, the key to life itself.
142
And, like, also the key to death.
143
Keep this in mind as we move forward through biology.
144
Even the sexiest person you have ever met in your life
145
is just a collection of.. of organic compounds rambling around in a sack of water.
146
Review time!
147
Now we have the table of contents, which I know is supposed to come at the beginning of things, but we are revolutionary here.
148
We're doing it different.
149
So you can click on any of the things here
150
and you can go back and review what you learned or didn't learn.
151
And if you have questions, please, please, please, please, please, please, please, please ask them in the comments and we'll be down there answering them for you. So, uh...
152
Thank you for joining us.
153
It was a pleasure!
154
It was a pleasure working with you today.
155
Thank you.
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
Mesmo canal
C11
Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C15
How Geologists Can Tell if the World is Warming : Crash Course Geology #23
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
Writing Systems: Crash Course Linguistics #16
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Vídeo recomendado
C12
76 frases
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
31 frases
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT - DNA & RNA
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1158 frases
Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
110 frases
Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
41 frases
The Building Blocks of Everything: Matter & its Properties
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1301 frases
Introduction to Hematology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
32 frases
Lucy: Time is Unity (HD CLIP)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
549 frases
Philosophy of Science Lecture #1: Introduction
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C17
150 frases
Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
198 frases
The Only Video on Maxwell’s Equations You’ll Ever Need
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C114
316 frases
The Most Controversial Idea In Physics
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C123
172 frases
How Is a Memory Stored Inside Your Squishy Brain?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Por que praticar a fala com este vídeo?
Praticar a fala em inglês com o vídeo "Carbon... SO SIMPLE: Crash Course Biology #1" é uma excelente maneira de aprimorar suas habilidades de comunicação. O apresentador, Hank Green, usa uma linguagem clara e acessível, o que torna mais fácil para você entender e reproduzir as ideias apresentadas. Através do shadowing em inglês, você pode imitar o ritmo e a entonação de Hank, o que ajudará a aumentar sua fluência. Além disso, a estratégia de shadow speak permite que você se aprofunde em tópicos científicos, expandindo seu vocabulário e sua capacidade de discutir assuntos complexos de forma mais natural.
Gramática & Expressões em Contexto
No vídeo, Hank utiliza várias estruturas gramaticais que são úteis para qualquer aprendiz de inglês:
- Presente simples: Usado para descrever fatos e verdades gerais. Por exemplo, “carbon é pequeno”.
- Futuro simples: Fazendo previsões ou indicando planos. Exemplo: “Vou ensinar sobre química”.
- Frases condicionais: Utilizadas para expressar situações hipotéticas, como “se eu estiver indo rápido para você...”. Essa estrutura é fundamental para conversas mais complexas.
- Uso de comparações: “É basicamente, você sabe, seu equivalente atômico de um ginasta olímpico.” Essa estratégia de analogia é uma ferramenta poderosa para ensinar e explicar conceitos em inglês.
A prática dessas construções gramaticais em um contexto real, como o oferecido por este vídeo, pode melhorar a sua habilidade de falar inglês de forma mais natural e confiante.
Armadilhas Comuns de Pronúncia
Enquanto você assiste ao vídeo, preste atenção em algumas palavras e pronúncias que podem ser desafiadoras:
- Chemistry (química) - Tente enfatizar o primeiro “e” como [ˈkɛmɪstri].
- Carbon (carvão) - A pronúncia correta deve ser clara: [ˈkɑːrbən].
- Molecule (molécula) - Muitas vezes, a pronúncia é apressada; concentre-se em articulá-la corretamente como [ˈmɒlɪkjuːl].
Esses sons podem ser complicados, especialmente para falantes não nativos. Portanto, utilize técnicas de shadowspeaks para repetir as palavras e praticar sua articulação e clareza. Isso é fundamental para melhorar sua compreensão auditiva e habilidade de conversação.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | be accomplished · is entirely based · isn't based |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | methane, which is · guy who thought · two, which is |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | you've ever taken · has won · You've heard |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.