Prática de Shadowing: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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What's up nerds?
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How are you today?
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Today's topic is control systems of your body, the amazing physiology, how your body stays alive.
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So, let's get started.
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But first, let's get this example.
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You have your thyroid gland taking orders from the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.
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If there is an excess amount of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it will produce something we call negative feedback.
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It will tell the thyroid, stop what you're doing, we already have enough.
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And it will tell the pituitary, this is your pituitary, not your testicles,
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please stop producing TSH to stimulate this thyroid hormone production, we already have enough.
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Your body has thousands of control systems.
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Your body is a control freak.
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They keep your body alive.
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A significant change in your internal environment, also known as the extracellular fluid, can lead to your death.
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Life needs balance.
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Life is only possible within a narrow range.
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For instance, your body temperature at change of greater than 7 degrees Celsius
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or 11 degrees Fahrenheit can literally put you to death.
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If you don't get it, let's get an example.
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Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.
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Here is your blood vessel.
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It has red blood cells and they have hemoglobin.
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Hemoglobin carries oxygen.
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Oxygen is given to the tissue, but when the oxygen in the tissue is very abundant, they will tell the hemoglobin, thank you, we have enough oxygen.
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So the oxygen stops flowing from hemoglobin to the cell because hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen.
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It really loves oxygen too much.
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But on the other hand, if you have lots of carbon dioxide in the tissue, the cells will handle them to the hemoglobin.
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Please take care of this carbon dioxide
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and it will carry it to the lungs your lungs will exhale the carbon dioxide out.
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Okay, when the CO2 is like abundant in your blood, the brainstem is stimulated.
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So, you will breathe rapidly and deeply to get rid of this CO2.
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Very cool.
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By the way, this is called oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin, which is indeed astonishing.
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Now, let's turn our attention to the story of your blood pressure regulation.
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Let's suppose that you are having increased of your blood pressure.
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This will stretch your arteries.
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In your arterial walls, especially the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the carotid artery, you have some stuff called baroreceptors.
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So, receptors are easy to understand.
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Okay, what about baro?
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You remember in physics the barometer, okay, pressure meter.
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So baro means pressure.
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They sense pressure.
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So when you stretch these arteries, they will sense this pressure.
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They will give nerve impulses to the medulla of your brainstem.
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This nerve impulses or this vasomotor center will respond by dilating your blood vessels and decreasing the pumping activity of your heart,
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which will lead to decrease your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Very well done.
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On the other hand, if you have low blood pressure, stretches of the arterial wall will decrease, which will lead to less stimulation of baroreceptors,
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loss of inhibition of the vasomotor center, loss of inhibition equals kind of stimulation.
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So will lead to constriction of your blood vessels and increase pumping activity of your heart.
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They will raise your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Amazing!
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To get an idea about the tight regulation, take calcium for example.
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Very low calcium and you get titanic convulgence.
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Very high calcium and your heart will stop.
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Potassium, very high potassium your heart suffers.
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Very low potassium can lead to muscle problems or heart problems.
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Glucose, low glucose seizure.
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high glucose you can end up in coma such as in hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and stuff like that also diabetic ketoacidosis.
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The concept of negative feedback is truly amazing.
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So high carbon dioxide you will breathe rapidly and deeply in response.
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This is called hyperventilation.
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This will lead to exhaling CO2 and reducing its amount back to normal.
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Why is this negative feedback?
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Because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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This is called negative.
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The increased CO2 started the events that will lead to its reduction.
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This is called negative feedback.
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On the other hand, low CO2, you will breathe slowly, called hypoventilation, to make the CO2 build up.
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This is also negative feedback.
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Hey, but wait, this CO2 is increasing.
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Yes, still negative because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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So we call this negative feedback.
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Negative feedback is cool, but positive feedback sometimes can lead to death.
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Oh, really?
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Yes.
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Normally you have five liters being pumped by your blood in every minute.
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Let's say that you are an idiot texting while crossing the street
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and you got hit by a car and you bled 2 liters of blood.
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Your heart will pump 3 liters instead of 5 per minute, which will lead to less blood going to the coronary arteries which feed the heart itself.
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This will lead to decreased pumping activity of the heart the
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heart pumps less blood less blood goes to the coronaries
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and you are in a vicious cycle until you die okay stop texting
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while crossing the street but on the other hand
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if you let only one liter okay negative feedback will happen yes your heart will pump less blood
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but this negative feedback will kick in to override the positive feedback
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and you can live so positive feedback in the first example can lead to death.
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So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?
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No, no, no, no. It can be beneficial.
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For instance, when you bleed, activation of the clotting cascade will lead to activation of other enzymes in the adjacent vessels.
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They activate the cascade, activate the cascade of other tissues, activate the cascade, and you stop bleeding.
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Also, and uterine contractions during child labor.
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The mommy pushes the baby.
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Okay.
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These are called uterine contractions.
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They push the baby to the cervix.
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Stretch of the cervix will lead to more contractions.
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More contractions, more pushing, more contractions, more pushing, more dilation of the cervix, more contractions, and so forth.
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This is called a positive feedback, and it has a very beneficial result.
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The baby is born.
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Woo-hoo!
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That's it for today.
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In the next video, we'll talk about the human cell.
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So don't forget to subscribe and follow me on Facebook.
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I have 101 questions on Facebook until the end of this year.
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Also, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram.
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And don't forget to support me on Patreon.
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And thank you so much for watching.
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This is me, the Coast Perfectionelis.
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Be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
📺 Mesmo canal
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology”. As palavras que mais se repetem: blood, feedback, lead, negative, oxygen. Este vídeo tem 110 frases e 1108 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 8:09. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 136 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 78% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| hemoglobin substantivo | /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/ | hemoglobina |
| contraction substantivo | /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/ | contração |
| thyroid adjetivo | /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/ | tiroide |
| dioxide substantivo | /daɪˈɑksaɪd/ | bióxido |
| cascade substantivo | /kæsˈkeɪd/ | cascata, cachoeira |
| artery substantivo | /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ | artéria |
| cervix substantivo | /ˈsɝ.vɪks/ | cérvice, cérvix |
| pituitary adjetivo | /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/ | pituitário, hipofisário |
| potassium substantivo | /pəˈtæsiəm/ | potássio |
| bleed verbo | /ˈbliːd/ | sangrar |
| glucose substantivo | /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/ | glicose, glucose |
| activate verbo | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | ativar |
| hormone substantivo | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | hormônio, hormona |
| calcium substantivo | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | cálcio |
| arterial adjetivo | arterial |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- How are you today?
- If you don't get it, let's get an example.
- So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is given · is stimulated · is called |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | hemoglobin, which is · decrease, which will · minute, which will |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 6 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, you're, we'll. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, pituitary /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, dioxide /daɪˈɑksaɪd/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, bleed /ˈbliːd/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: exhale /ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, testicle /ˈtɛstɪkəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, exhale /ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, hyperventilation /ˌhaɪpɚˌvɛntəˈleɪʃən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como hemoglobin, contraction, thyroid.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.