शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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What's up nerds?

How are you today?

Today's topic is control systems of your body, the amazing physiology, how your body stays alive.

So, let's get started.

But first, let's get this example.

You have your thyroid gland taking orders from the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.

If there is an excess amount of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it will produce something we call negative feedback.

It will tell the thyroid, stop what you're doing, we already have enough.

And it will tell the pituitary, this is your pituitary, not your testicles,

please stop producing TSH to stimulate this thyroid hormone production, we already have enough.

Your body has thousands of control systems.

Your body is a control freak.

They keep your body alive.

A significant change in your internal environment, also known as the extracellular fluid, can lead to your death.

Life needs balance.

Life is only possible within a narrow range.

For instance, your body temperature at change of greater than 7 degrees Celsius

or 11 degrees Fahrenheit can literally put you to death.

If you don't get it, let's get an example.

Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.

Here is your blood vessel.

It has red blood cells and they have hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

Oxygen is given to the tissue, but when the oxygen in the tissue is very abundant, they will tell the hemoglobin, thank you, we have enough oxygen.

So the oxygen stops flowing from hemoglobin to the cell because hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen.

It really loves oxygen too much.

But on the other hand, if you have lots of carbon dioxide in the tissue, the cells will handle them to the hemoglobin.

Please take care of this carbon dioxide

and it will carry it to the lungs your lungs will exhale the carbon dioxide out.

Okay, when the CO2 is like abundant in your blood, the brainstem is stimulated.

So, you will breathe rapidly and deeply to get rid of this CO2.

Very cool.

By the way, this is called oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin, which is indeed astonishing.

Now, let's turn our attention to the story of your blood pressure regulation.

Let's suppose that you are having increased of your blood pressure.

This will stretch your arteries.

In your arterial walls, especially the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the carotid artery, you have some stuff called baroreceptors.

So, receptors are easy to understand.

Okay, what about baro?

You remember in physics the barometer, okay, pressure meter.

So baro means pressure.

They sense pressure.

So when you stretch these arteries, they will sense this pressure.

They will give nerve impulses to the medulla of your brainstem.

This nerve impulses or this vasomotor center will respond by dilating your blood vessels and decreasing the pumping activity of your heart,

which will lead to decrease your blood pressure and back to normal.

Very well done.

On the other hand, if you have low blood pressure, stretches of the arterial wall will decrease, which will lead to less stimulation of baroreceptors,

loss of inhibition of the vasomotor center, loss of inhibition equals kind of stimulation.

So will lead to constriction of your blood vessels and increase pumping activity of your heart.

They will raise your blood pressure and back to normal.

Amazing!

To get an idea about the tight regulation, take calcium for example.

Very low calcium and you get titanic convulgence.

Very high calcium and your heart will stop.

Potassium, very high potassium your heart suffers.

Very low potassium can lead to muscle problems or heart problems.

Glucose, low glucose seizure.

high glucose you can end up in coma such as in hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and stuff like that also diabetic ketoacidosis.

The concept of negative feedback is truly amazing.

So high carbon dioxide you will breathe rapidly and deeply in response.

This is called hyperventilation.

This will lead to exhaling CO2 and reducing its amount back to normal.

Why is this negative feedback?

Because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.

This is called negative.

The increased CO2 started the events that will lead to its reduction.

This is called negative feedback.

On the other hand, low CO2, you will breathe slowly, called hypoventilation, to make the CO2 build up.

This is also negative feedback.

Hey, but wait, this CO2 is increasing.

Yes, still negative because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.

So we call this negative feedback.

Negative feedback is cool, but positive feedback sometimes can lead to death.

Oh, really?

Yes.

Normally you have five liters being pumped by your blood in every minute.

Let's say that you are an idiot texting while crossing the street

and you got hit by a car and you bled 2 liters of blood.

Your heart will pump 3 liters instead of 5 per minute, which will lead to less blood going to the coronary arteries which feed the heart itself.

This will lead to decreased pumping activity of the heart the

heart pumps less blood less blood goes to the coronaries

and you are in a vicious cycle until you die okay stop texting

while crossing the street but on the other hand

if you let only one liter okay negative feedback will happen yes your heart will pump less blood

but this negative feedback will kick in to override the positive feedback

and you can live so positive feedback in the first example can lead to death.

So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?

No, no, no, no. It can be beneficial.

For instance, when you bleed, activation of the clotting cascade will lead to activation of other enzymes in the adjacent vessels.

They activate the cascade, activate the cascade of other tissues, activate the cascade, and you stop bleeding.

Also, and uterine contractions during child labor.

The mommy pushes the baby.

Okay.

These are called uterine contractions.

They push the baby to the cervix.

Stretch of the cervix will lead to more contractions.

More contractions, more pushing, more contractions, more pushing, more dilation of the cervix, more contractions, and so forth.

This is called a positive feedback, and it has a very beneficial result.

100

The baby is born.

101

Woo-hoo!

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That's it for today.

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In the next video, we'll talk about the human cell.

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So don't forget to subscribe and follow me on Facebook.

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And don't forget to support me on Patreon.

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And thank you so much for watching.

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Be safe, stay happy, and study hard.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: blood, feedback, lead, negative, oxygen। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 110 वाक्य और 1108 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 8:09 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 136 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 78% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
artery संज्ञा	/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/	धमनी
cervix संज्ञा	/ˈsɝ.vɪks/	ग्रीवा, गर्भाशयग्रीवा
potassium संज्ञा	/pəˈtæsiəm/	दहातु, पोटैशियम
bleed क्रिया	/ˈbliːd/	रक्तस्राव
glucose संज्ञा	/ˈɡluː.kəʊz/	ग्लूकोज़, द्राक्षधु
hormone संज्ञा	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	ग्रंथिरस, न्यासर्ग
calcium संज्ञा	/ˈkælsi.əm/	चूर्णातु
gland संज्ञा	/ɡlænd/	ग्रंथि
impulse संज्ञा	/ˈɪmpʌls/	आवेग
coma संज्ञा	/ˈkoʊmə/	कोमा
abundant विशेषण	/əˈbʌn.dənt/	प्रचुर
beneficial विशेषण	/ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/	लाभदायक, हितकारी
barometer संज्ञा	/bəˈɹɑ.mə.tɚ/	बैरोमीटर, वायुदाबमापी
medulla संज्ञा	/məˈdulə/	मज्जा, अस्थि मज्जा
testicle संज्ञा	/ˈtɛstɪkəl/	अंड, अंडकोष

दोहराने लायक वाक्य

वीडियो के छोटे, पूरे वाक्य जिन्हें आप रोज़ की बातचीत में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं:

How are you today?
If you don't get it, let's get an example.
So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	is given · is stimulated · is called
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	hemoglobin, which is · decrease, which will · minute, which will

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 6 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, you're, we'll। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, pituitary /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

/v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, hyperventilation /ˌhaɪpɚˌvɛntəˈleɪʃən/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
/z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, enzyme /ˈɛn.zaɪm/
शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: stimulate /ˈstɪm.jəˌleɪt/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, stimulus /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर artery, cervix, potassium जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?