跟读练习: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - 通过视频学习英语口语

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What's up nerds?
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How are you today?
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Today's topic is control systems of your body, the amazing physiology, how your body stays alive.
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So, let's get started.
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But first, let's get this example.
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You have your thyroid gland taking orders from the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.
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If there is an excess amount of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it will produce something we call negative feedback.
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It will tell the thyroid, stop what you're doing, we already have enough.
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And it will tell the pituitary, this is your pituitary, not your testicles,
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please stop producing TSH to stimulate this thyroid hormone production, we already have enough.
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Your body has thousands of control systems.
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Your body is a control freak.
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They keep your body alive.
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A significant change in your internal environment, also known as the extracellular fluid, can lead to your death.
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Life needs balance.
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Life is only possible within a narrow range.
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For instance, your body temperature at change of greater than 7 degrees Celsius
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or 11 degrees Fahrenheit can literally put you to death.
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If you don't get it, let's get an example.
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Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.
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Here is your blood vessel.
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It has red blood cells and they have hemoglobin.
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Hemoglobin carries oxygen.
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Oxygen is given to the tissue, but when the oxygen in the tissue is very abundant, they will tell the hemoglobin, thank you, we have enough oxygen.
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So the oxygen stops flowing from hemoglobin to the cell because hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen.
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It really loves oxygen too much.
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But on the other hand, if you have lots of carbon dioxide in the tissue, the cells will handle them to the hemoglobin.
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Please take care of this carbon dioxide
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and it will carry it to the lungs your lungs will exhale the carbon dioxide out.
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Okay, when the CO2 is like abundant in your blood, the brainstem is stimulated.
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So, you will breathe rapidly and deeply to get rid of this CO2.
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Very cool.
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By the way, this is called oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin, which is indeed astonishing.
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Now, let's turn our attention to the story of your blood pressure regulation.
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Let's suppose that you are having increased of your blood pressure.
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This will stretch your arteries.
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In your arterial walls, especially the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the carotid artery, you have some stuff called baroreceptors.
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So, receptors are easy to understand.
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Okay, what about baro?
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You remember in physics the barometer, okay, pressure meter.
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So baro means pressure.
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They sense pressure.
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So when you stretch these arteries, they will sense this pressure.
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They will give nerve impulses to the medulla of your brainstem.
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This nerve impulses or this vasomotor center will respond by dilating your blood vessels and decreasing the pumping activity of your heart,
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which will lead to decrease your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Very well done.
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On the other hand, if you have low blood pressure, stretches of the arterial wall will decrease, which will lead to less stimulation of baroreceptors,
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loss of inhibition of the vasomotor center, loss of inhibition equals kind of stimulation.
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So will lead to constriction of your blood vessels and increase pumping activity of your heart.
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They will raise your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Amazing!
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To get an idea about the tight regulation, take calcium for example.
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Very low calcium and you get titanic convulgence.
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Very high calcium and your heart will stop.
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Potassium, very high potassium your heart suffers.
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Very low potassium can lead to muscle problems or heart problems.
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Glucose, low glucose seizure.
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high glucose you can end up in coma such as in hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and stuff like that also diabetic ketoacidosis.
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The concept of negative feedback is truly amazing.
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So high carbon dioxide you will breathe rapidly and deeply in response.
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This is called hyperventilation.
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This will lead to exhaling CO2 and reducing its amount back to normal.
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Why is this negative feedback?
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Because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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This is called negative.
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The increased CO2 started the events that will lead to its reduction.
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This is called negative feedback.
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On the other hand, low CO2, you will breathe slowly, called hypoventilation, to make the CO2 build up.
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This is also negative feedback.
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Hey, but wait, this CO2 is increasing.
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Yes, still negative because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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So we call this negative feedback.
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Negative feedback is cool, but positive feedback sometimes can lead to death.
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Oh, really?
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Yes.
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Normally you have five liters being pumped by your blood in every minute.
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Let's say that you are an idiot texting while crossing the street
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and you got hit by a car and you bled 2 liters of blood.
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Your heart will pump 3 liters instead of 5 per minute, which will lead to less blood going to the coronary arteries which feed the heart itself.
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This will lead to decreased pumping activity of the heart the
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heart pumps less blood less blood goes to the coronaries
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and you are in a vicious cycle until you die okay stop texting
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while crossing the street but on the other hand
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if you let only one liter okay negative feedback will happen yes your heart will pump less blood
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but this negative feedback will kick in to override the positive feedback
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and you can live so positive feedback in the first example can lead to death.
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So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?
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No, no, no, no. It can be beneficial.
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For instance, when you bleed, activation of the clotting cascade will lead to activation of other enzymes in the adjacent vessels.
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They activate the cascade, activate the cascade of other tissues, activate the cascade, and you stop bleeding.
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Also, and uterine contractions during child labor.
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The mommy pushes the baby.
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Okay.
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These are called uterine contractions.
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They push the baby to the cervix.
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Stretch of the cervix will lead to more contractions.
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More contractions, more pushing, more contractions, more pushing, more dilation of the cervix, more contractions, and so forth.
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This is called a positive feedback, and it has a very beneficial result.
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The baby is born.
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Woo-hoo!
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That's it for today.
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In the next video, we'll talk about the human cell.
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So don't forget to subscribe and follow me on Facebook.
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I have 101 questions on Facebook until the end of this year.
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Also, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram.
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And don't forget to support me on Patreon.
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And thank you so much for watching.
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This is me, the Coast Perfectionelis.
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Be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：blood, feedback, lead, negative, oxygen。 这段视频共有 110 个句子、1108 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 8:09。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 136 个词，很适合跟读。 只有 78% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词发音释义
hemoglobin 名词/ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/血紅蛋白 /血红蛋白
contraction 名词/kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/收縮 /收缩
thyroid 形容词/ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/甲狀腺的 /甲状腺的
dioxide 名词/daɪˈɑksaɪd/二氧化物
cascade 名词/kæsˈkeɪd/瀑布
artery 名词/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/動脈 /动脉
cervix 名词/ˈsɝ.vɪks/子宮頸 /子宫颈
pituitary 形容词/pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/腦垂體的 /脑垂体的, 垂體的 /垂体的
potassium 名词/pəˈtæsiəm/鉀 /钾
bleed 动词/ˈbliːd/出血, 流血
activate 动词/ˈæktɪˌveɪt/激活
hormone 名词/ˈhoɹmoʊn/激素, 荷爾蒙 /荷尔蒙
calcium 名词/ˈkælsi.əm/鈣 /钙
bloodstream 名词/ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/血液, 血流
exhale 动词/ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/呼出

值得反复跟读的句子

视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：

  • How are you today?
  • If you don't get it, let's get an example.
  • So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的is given · is stimulated · is called
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物hemoglobin, which is · decrease, which will · minute, which will

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 6 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, you're, we'll。请按听到的简短形式来说。

  • “sh” 和 “zh” 音: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
  • 长单词——注意重音位置: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, pituitary /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

  • /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, hyperventilation /ˌhaɪpɚˌvɛntəˈleɪʃən/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
  • 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, dioxide /daɪˈɑksaɪd/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, bleed /ˈbliːd/
  • /æ/ — 嘴张大，不要读成 /e/: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, potassium /pəˈtæsiəm/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/

如何用这段视频练习

  1. 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
  2. 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
  3. 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 hemoglobin, contraction, thyroid 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →