シャドーイング練習: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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What's up nerds?
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How are you today?
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Today's topic is control systems of your body, the amazing physiology, how your body stays alive.
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So, let's get started.
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But first, let's get this example.
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You have your thyroid gland taking orders from the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.
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If there is an excess amount of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it will produce something we call negative feedback.
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It will tell the thyroid, stop what you're doing, we already have enough.
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And it will tell the pituitary, this is your pituitary, not your testicles,
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please stop producing TSH to stimulate this thyroid hormone production, we already have enough.
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Your body has thousands of control systems.
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Your body is a control freak.
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They keep your body alive.
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A significant change in your internal environment, also known as the extracellular fluid, can lead to your death.
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Life needs balance.
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Life is only possible within a narrow range.
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For instance, your body temperature at change of greater than 7 degrees Celsius
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or 11 degrees Fahrenheit can literally put you to death.
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If you don't get it, let's get an example.
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Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.
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Here is your blood vessel.
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It has red blood cells and they have hemoglobin.
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Hemoglobin carries oxygen.
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Oxygen is given to the tissue, but when the oxygen in the tissue is very abundant, they will tell the hemoglobin, thank you, we have enough oxygen.
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So the oxygen stops flowing from hemoglobin to the cell because hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen.
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It really loves oxygen too much.
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But on the other hand, if you have lots of carbon dioxide in the tissue, the cells will handle them to the hemoglobin.
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Please take care of this carbon dioxide
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and it will carry it to the lungs your lungs will exhale the carbon dioxide out.
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Okay, when the CO2 is like abundant in your blood, the brainstem is stimulated.
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So, you will breathe rapidly and deeply to get rid of this CO2.
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Very cool.
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By the way, this is called oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin, which is indeed astonishing.
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Now, let's turn our attention to the story of your blood pressure regulation.
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Let's suppose that you are having increased of your blood pressure.
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This will stretch your arteries.
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In your arterial walls, especially the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the carotid artery, you have some stuff called baroreceptors.
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So, receptors are easy to understand.
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Okay, what about baro?
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You remember in physics the barometer, okay, pressure meter.
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So baro means pressure.
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They sense pressure.
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So when you stretch these arteries, they will sense this pressure.
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They will give nerve impulses to the medulla of your brainstem.
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This nerve impulses or this vasomotor center will respond by dilating your blood vessels and decreasing the pumping activity of your heart,
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which will lead to decrease your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Very well done.
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On the other hand, if you have low blood pressure, stretches of the arterial wall will decrease, which will lead to less stimulation of baroreceptors,
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loss of inhibition of the vasomotor center, loss of inhibition equals kind of stimulation.
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So will lead to constriction of your blood vessels and increase pumping activity of your heart.
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They will raise your blood pressure and back to normal.
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Amazing!
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To get an idea about the tight regulation, take calcium for example.
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Very low calcium and you get titanic convulgence.
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Very high calcium and your heart will stop.
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Potassium, very high potassium your heart suffers.
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Very low potassium can lead to muscle problems or heart problems.
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Glucose, low glucose seizure.
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high glucose you can end up in coma such as in hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and stuff like that also diabetic ketoacidosis.
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The concept of negative feedback is truly amazing.
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So high carbon dioxide you will breathe rapidly and deeply in response.
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This is called hyperventilation.
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This will lead to exhaling CO2 and reducing its amount back to normal.
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Why is this negative feedback?
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Because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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This is called negative.
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The increased CO2 started the events that will lead to its reduction.
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This is called negative feedback.
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On the other hand, low CO2, you will breathe slowly, called hypoventilation, to make the CO2 build up.
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This is also negative feedback.
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Hey, but wait, this CO2 is increasing.
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Yes, still negative because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.
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So we call this negative feedback.
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Negative feedback is cool, but positive feedback sometimes can lead to death.
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Oh, really?
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Yes.
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Normally you have five liters being pumped by your blood in every minute.
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Let's say that you are an idiot texting while crossing the street
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and you got hit by a car and you bled 2 liters of blood.
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Your heart will pump 3 liters instead of 5 per minute, which will lead to less blood going to the coronary arteries which feed the heart itself.
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This will lead to decreased pumping activity of the heart the
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heart pumps less blood less blood goes to the coronaries
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and you are in a vicious cycle until you die okay stop texting
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while crossing the street but on the other hand
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if you let only one liter okay negative feedback will happen yes your heart will pump less blood
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but this negative feedback will kick in to override the positive feedback
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and you can live so positive feedback in the first example can lead to death.
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So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?
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No, no, no, no. It can be beneficial.
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For instance, when you bleed, activation of the clotting cascade will lead to activation of other enzymes in the adjacent vessels.
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They activate the cascade, activate the cascade of other tissues, activate the cascade, and you stop bleeding.
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Also, and uterine contractions during child labor.
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The mommy pushes the baby.
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Okay.
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These are called uterine contractions.
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They push the baby to the cervix.
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Stretch of the cervix will lead to more contractions.
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More contractions, more pushing, more contractions, more pushing, more dilation of the cervix, more contractions, and so forth.
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This is called a positive feedback, and it has a very beneficial result.
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The baby is born.
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Woo-hoo!
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That's it for today.
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In the next video, we'll talk about the human cell.
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So don't forget to subscribe and follow me on Facebook.
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I have 101 questions on Facebook until the end of this year.
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Also, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram.
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And don't forget to support me on Patreon.
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And thank you so much for watching.
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This is me, the Coast Perfectionelis.
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Be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：blood, feedback, lead, negative, oxygen。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が110文、単語が1108語あります。 音声の長さは8:09です。 話す速さは1分あたり約136語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| hemoglobin 名詞 | /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/ | ヘモグロビン, 血色素 |
| contraction 名詞 | /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/ | 収縮 |
| dioxide 名詞 | /daɪˈɑksaɪd/ | 二酸化物 |
| artery 名詞 | /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ | 動脈 |
| cervix 名詞 | /ˈsɝ.vɪks/ | 子宮頸部 |
| potassium 名詞 | /pəˈtæsiəm/ | カリウム |
| bleed 動詞 | /ˈbliːd/ | 出血する, 血を流す |
| glucose 名詞 | /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/ | ブドウ糖, 葡萄糖 |
| hormone 名詞 | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | ホルモン |
| calcium 名詞 | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | カルシウム, 石灰素 |
| bloodstream 名詞 | /ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/ | 血液, 血流 |
| exhale 動詞 | /ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/ | 息を吐く |
| gland 名詞 | /ɡlænd/ | 腺, グランド |
| uterine 形容詞 | /ˈjutəɹaɪn/ | 胤違い, 異父 |
| stimulate 動詞 | /ˈstɪm.jəˌleɪt/ | 刺激する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- How are you today?
- If you don't get it, let's get an example.
- So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is given · is stimulated · is called |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | hemoglobin, which is · decrease, which will · minute, which will |
注意したい発音
話し手はdon't, you're, we'llなど、短縮形や弱形を6回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, pituitary /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, hyperventilation /ˌhaɪpɚˌvɛntəˈleɪʃən/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, bifurcation /ˌbaɪfɚˈkeɪʃən/, physiology /ˌfɪziˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, affinity /əˈfɪnɪti/, buffer /ˈbʌfəɹ/
- 子音の連続 — 間に母音を入れない: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, bleed /ˈbliːd/, glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, bloodstream /ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。hemoglobin, contraction, dioxideなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。