跟讀練習: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - 通過影片學習英語口語

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What's up nerds?

How are you today?

Today's topic is control systems of your body, the amazing physiology, how your body stays alive.

So, let's get started.

But first, let's get this example.

You have your thyroid gland taking orders from the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.

If there is an excess amount of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it will produce something we call negative feedback.

It will tell the thyroid, stop what you're doing, we already have enough.

And it will tell the pituitary, this is your pituitary, not your testicles,

please stop producing TSH to stimulate this thyroid hormone production, we already have enough.

Your body has thousands of control systems.

Your body is a control freak.

They keep your body alive.

A significant change in your internal environment, also known as the extracellular fluid, can lead to your death.

Life needs balance.

Life is only possible within a narrow range.

For instance, your body temperature at change of greater than 7 degrees Celsius

or 11 degrees Fahrenheit can literally put you to death.

If you don't get it, let's get an example.

Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.

Here is your blood vessel.

It has red blood cells and they have hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

Oxygen is given to the tissue, but when the oxygen in the tissue is very abundant, they will tell the hemoglobin, thank you, we have enough oxygen.

So the oxygen stops flowing from hemoglobin to the cell because hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen.

It really loves oxygen too much.

But on the other hand, if you have lots of carbon dioxide in the tissue, the cells will handle them to the hemoglobin.

Please take care of this carbon dioxide

and it will carry it to the lungs your lungs will exhale the carbon dioxide out.

Okay, when the CO2 is like abundant in your blood, the brainstem is stimulated.

So, you will breathe rapidly and deeply to get rid of this CO2.

Very cool.

By the way, this is called oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin, which is indeed astonishing.

Now, let's turn our attention to the story of your blood pressure regulation.

Let's suppose that you are having increased of your blood pressure.

This will stretch your arteries.

In your arterial walls, especially the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the carotid artery, you have some stuff called baroreceptors.

So, receptors are easy to understand.

Okay, what about baro?

You remember in physics the barometer, okay, pressure meter.

So baro means pressure.

They sense pressure.

So when you stretch these arteries, they will sense this pressure.

They will give nerve impulses to the medulla of your brainstem.

This nerve impulses or this vasomotor center will respond by dilating your blood vessels and decreasing the pumping activity of your heart,

which will lead to decrease your blood pressure and back to normal.

Very well done.

On the other hand, if you have low blood pressure, stretches of the arterial wall will decrease, which will lead to less stimulation of baroreceptors,

loss of inhibition of the vasomotor center, loss of inhibition equals kind of stimulation.

So will lead to constriction of your blood vessels and increase pumping activity of your heart.

They will raise your blood pressure and back to normal.

Amazing!

To get an idea about the tight regulation, take calcium for example.

Very low calcium and you get titanic convulgence.

Very high calcium and your heart will stop.

Potassium, very high potassium your heart suffers.

Very low potassium can lead to muscle problems or heart problems.

Glucose, low glucose seizure.

high glucose you can end up in coma such as in hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and stuff like that also diabetic ketoacidosis.

The concept of negative feedback is truly amazing.

So high carbon dioxide you will breathe rapidly and deeply in response.

This is called hyperventilation.

This will lead to exhaling CO2 and reducing its amount back to normal.

Why is this negative feedback?

Because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.

This is called negative.

The increased CO2 started the events that will lead to its reduction.

This is called negative feedback.

On the other hand, low CO2, you will breathe slowly, called hypoventilation, to make the CO2 build up.

This is also negative feedback.

Hey, but wait, this CO2 is increasing.

Yes, still negative because the result is opposite to the initiating stimulus.

So we call this negative feedback.

Negative feedback is cool, but positive feedback sometimes can lead to death.

Oh, really?

Yes.

Normally you have five liters being pumped by your blood in every minute.

Let's say that you are an idiot texting while crossing the street

and you got hit by a car and you bled 2 liters of blood.

Your heart will pump 3 liters instead of 5 per minute, which will lead to less blood going to the coronary arteries which feed the heart itself.

This will lead to decreased pumping activity of the heart the

heart pumps less blood less blood goes to the coronaries

and you are in a vicious cycle until you die okay stop texting

while crossing the street but on the other hand

if you let only one liter okay negative feedback will happen yes your heart will pump less blood

but this negative feedback will kick in to override the positive feedback

and you can live so positive feedback in the first example can lead to death.

So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?

No, no, no, no. It can be beneficial.

For instance, when you bleed, activation of the clotting cascade will lead to activation of other enzymes in the adjacent vessels.

They activate the cascade, activate the cascade of other tissues, activate the cascade, and you stop bleeding.

Also, and uterine contractions during child labor.

The mommy pushes the baby.

Okay.

These are called uterine contractions.

They push the baby to the cervix.

Stretch of the cervix will lead to more contractions.

More contractions, more pushing, more contractions, more pushing, more dilation of the cervix, more contractions, and so forth.

This is called a positive feedback, and it has a very beneficial result.

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The baby is born.

101

Woo-hoo!

102

That's it for today.

103

In the next video, we'll talk about the human cell.

104

So don't forget to subscribe and follow me on Facebook.

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I have 101 questions on Facebook until the end of this year.

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Also, Twitter, SoundCloud, Instagram.

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And don't forget to support me on Patreon.

108

And thank you so much for watching.

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This is me, the Coast Perfectionelis.

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Be safe, stay happy, and study hard.

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FOR YOU

本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：blood, feedback, lead, negative, oxygen。這段影片共有 110 個句子、1108 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 8:09。說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 136 個詞，很適合跟讀。只有 78% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
hemoglobin 名詞	/ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/	血紅素 /血紅素
contraction 名詞	/kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/	收縮 /收縮
thyroid 形容詞	/ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/	甲狀腺的 /甲狀腺的
dioxide 名詞	/daɪˈɑksaɪd/	二氧化物
cascade 名詞	/kæsˈkeɪd/	瀑布
artery 名詞	/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/	動脈 /動脈
cervix 名詞	/ˈsɝ.vɪks/	子宮頸 /子宮頸
pituitary 形容詞	/pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/	腦垂體的 /腦垂體的, 垂體的 /垂體的
potassium 名詞	/pəˈtæsiəm/	鉀 /鉀
bleed 動詞	/ˈbliːd/	出血, 流血
activate 動詞	/ˈæktɪˌveɪt/	啟用
hormone 名詞	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	激素, 荷爾蒙 /荷爾蒙
calcium 名詞	/ˈkælsi.əm/	鈣 /鈣
bloodstream 名詞	/ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/	血液, 血流
exhale 動詞	/ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/	撥出

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

How are you today?
If you don't get it, let's get an example.
So you're saying that positive feedback is always bad?

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is given · is stimulated · is called
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	hemoglobin, which is · decrease, which will · minute, which will

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 6 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, you're, we'll。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, pituitary /pɪˈtuɪˌtɛɹi/, coronary /ˈkɔɹənɛɹi/, inhibition /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, hyperventilation /ˌhaɪpɚˌvɛntəˈleɪʃən/, override /oʊ.vɚˈɹaɪd/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, dioxide /daɪˈɑksaɪd/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, cervix /ˈsɝ.vɪks/, bleed /ˈbliːd/
/æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, potassium /pəˈtæsiəm/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 hemoglobin, contraction, thyroid 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology - 通過影片學習英語口語

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