跟讀練習: This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Hi, Steve here.

Today, I'm moving over as the voice of Kurzgesagt for something really special.

Our dearest friend John Green would like to tell you a story that's very close to his heart.

So, let's hear it from him directly.

Hey John.

Hey Steve, thanks so much.

Let's dive right in.

The White Death has haunted humanity like no other disease, following us for thousands, maybe millions of years.

It was there when we tamed fire, invented culture, and ventured out of Africa to conquer the world.

In 1815, it caused one in four deaths in Britain.

In the last 200 years, it killed a billion people, way more than all wars and natural disasters combined.

Even today, it's the infectious disease with the highest kill count, but do Do you even know what we are talking about?

We're talking about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, or TB, our original archenemy.

Right now, one in four humans alive are infected with the bacterium.

You may be one of them.

So how is it possible that we never hear about TB?

Well, the White Death is the perfect human predator.

infectious, but very quiet most of the time, careful not to murder recklessly, perfectly adapted to your immune system,

and just physically incredibly hard to kill.

What exactly makes it so powerful?

The perfect human predator.

Usually the bacterium enters your body through the airways and sets up home in the lungs,

a giant living cave system defended by billions of macrophages, powerful guard cells that hunt and kill intruders.

The TB bug is quickly attacked and devoured alive.

Unfortunately, this is its plan.

The White Death is the worst kind of parasite, an immune system parasite.

Macrophages grab their victims, trap them inside a phagosome, and flood it with acid that rips them to pieces.

TB evolved a thick, waxy coat that makes it completely immune to those acids.

Worse, it captures and modifies the macrophage to be a perfect host.

Like a tiny vampire, the parasite slowly consumes the cell.

TB then replicates extremely slowly.

Other microbes that make you sick multiply up to 60 times faster, exploding their numbers before the immune system can eradicate them.

But the White Death is so well adapted to you, it has already won by being here.

No need to rush things.

When its host cell is sucked dry and dies, the bacteria infect new macrophages.

Although these bacteria are stealthy, the decaying corpses they leave behind do activate a proper immune response.

Your body knows something is up and mobilizes its forces.

But once again, this is part of the plan.

Macrophages and many other immune cells try to kill the bacteria, but that thick cell wall makes them a formidable fortress and resistant to many attacks.

And it infects its attackers in the process.

So when your cells can't kill them, they do the next best thing, keep the parasites from escaping.

A granuloma is formed, a sort of white blob.

In the center is a core of infected and dead macrophages, a pleasant home and food for the bacterium.

Other immune cells surround this sphere of death to contain it, creating a safe space where TB can sit for years.

Worse, it is perfectly protected from medication and releases chemicals that make it hard for your heavy immune weapons to be activated.

This is the stalemate version of tuberculosis.

The infection is sleeping, and the bacteria is doing its thing.

This is going on right now in up to 2 billion people.

But in 1 in 10 of them, the disease will become active.

Active tuberculosis is an emergency, but again, a slow one.

If your immune system can't contain the infection anymore, granulomas burst.

Suddenly your lungs are filled with macrophage corpses and fresh bacteria.

Your immune system panics and overreacts.

Hordes of soldiers leave your blood and rush to the infected areas.

They order inflammation and fluids flood into your lungs, but unfortunately, your lungs are not made to be a battlefield.

In their panic, your immune cells don't care.

They're running around with flamethrowers trying to purge the infection, but causing terrible damage.

As fluids and dead tissue amass, it becomes difficult to breathe, and you begin coughing hard, sometimes even coughing up blood.

And again, this is part of the plan, because now you spread millions of bacteria catching rides in tiny droplets.

You burn a high fever and lose weight as your body is severely stressed.

You turn into a ghost version of yourself.

Even if you are treated, this phase can last weeks to months and is very serious.

Insufficiently treated, TB will over months, years, or even decades slowly overtake your body.

Especially for children or those already weakened, this can be too much and the disease wins the war.

The bacterium spreads to other organs, lung function breaks down, and the patient dies.

1.3 million people died this way in 2023 alone.

The worst kind of problem.

Tuberculosis is the worst kind of problem, a slow one.

Instead of killing millions quickly, like COVID, scaring a panicked humanity into frantic action, TB is a smoldering fire,

killing too slowly for our short attention span.

The symptoms are often mild for many months, so you don't feel in danger.

Tuberculosis doesn't want to kill you, of course, it wants to stay alive and spread.

And to do this, it exploits human behavior.

The people you are most likely to infect are your family and friends, co-workers, or neighbors, the people you spend a lot of time with.

When COVID brought the world to a halt, the average patient infected two to three people.

An active TB patient infects five to fifteen people in a year.

Most people catch it via breathing tiny droplets from a cough or sneeze.

This is especially common in crowded, poorly ventilated housing or workplaces, which is why TB exploded during the Industrial Revolution.

And indeed, wherever we see new, unplanned, and overcrowded urbanization from Lagos to St. Petersburg, we tend to see a rise of the White Death alongside it.

Today, most cases of active tuberculosis, the version that spreads the disease further, can be cured with a four-month regimen of four different antibiotics.

But if that's the case, how is this still the deadliest infectious disease on Earth?

Between 1940 and 1965, humans developed several drugs to fight TB, finally making it curable.

It was a true achievement of human ingenuity, but we didn't do a great job of distributing the cure.

While tuberculosis is almost extinct in much of Europe, the US, and the Middle East, it is still a very real threat in most of the world.

TB kills people primarily in Africa, South America, and Asia.

In 2022, two-thirds of all TB cases were in just six countries,

India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Nigeria.

Almost half of all tuberculosis deaths happened in Southeast Asia.

But as it is a slow problem like climate change, it was ignored instead of fought aggressively,

which enabled more and more strains of TB to develop antibiotic resistance.

Which is a problem because we kinda stopped making new drugs.

In the first 25 years of the antibiotic era, we developed eight different classes of drugs to treat TB.

And then, in the 47 years between 1965 and 2012, we developed none.

Developing new drugs is extremely expensive, and there was no concentrated effort to eradicate TB, and there simply wasn't enough profit incentive.

There is a vaccine, but it's over a hundred years old and not particularly effective.

But beginning in 2012, we did finally develop two new classes of drugs that treat TB, and We may finally be at an inflection point again,

as better vaccines are on the horizon.

Companies that made COVID tests also developed a quick test for TB.

So we now have a real opportunity to push this disease back until it dies forever.

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But only if we get enough people to know about TB, like you do now, and to care about it.

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A century ago, in the United States,

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there were almost as many hospital beds for TB patients as for treating all other illnesses and injuries combined.

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The White Death was a leading cause of death in the US, and then one day, it just wasn't anymore.

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And we can do this again.

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4,000 people died of tuberculosis yesterday.

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And we simply don't have to accept a world where

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so many of us still die of a disease we know how to cure.

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The White Death has been with us for millions of years.

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It is time to continue our journey without it.

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If you want to learn more about tuberculosis and the folks working to fight it through clinical trials and care delivery, and also learn how you can help,

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check out the organization Partners in Health at pih.org slash programs slash tuberculosis.

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We've put a link in the description for you.

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Also if this wasn't enough TB for you, there's a crash course lecture on the history and presence of tuberculosis.

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We'll include a link to that as well.

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Steve, I'll see you on fri- nope, this isn't Vlogbrothers.

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Soon.

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I'll see you soon, Steve.

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Thank you.

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背景與上下文

在這段影片中，Steve與John Green進行了一次富有深度的對話，講述了一種被稱為“白色死亡”的疾病——結核病（TB）。這段影片不僅向我們介紹了結核病的歷史及其對人類健康的影響，同時也提醒我們現代社會中對這一疾病的忽視。瞭解這些背景對於提高英語發音和參與相關對話是非常有幫助的。

日常交流的五個短語

Haunted humanity（困擾人類）- 這是一個形象的表達方式，傳遞出疾病對人類的長期影響。
Perfect human predator（完美的人類捕食者）- 描述一些疾病如何有效感染人類，適合用在關於健康或科學的討論中。
Caught a ride（搭乘）- 用於形容細菌通過飛沫傳播，非常適合日常語境中的描述。
Granuloma is formed（形成肉芽腫）- 瞭解這類專業術語可以幫助提升醫學相關對話的能力。
Antibiotic resistance（抗生素耐藥性）- 這個術語在現代醫學中非常重要，適用於許多討論健康的場合。

逐步影子跟讀指南

為了提升你的英語口語練習效果，建議使用以下步驟進行影子跟讀：

選擇片段：從影片中選擇一些你覺得具有挑戰性的片段，特別是包含以上短語的句子。
初次觀看：完整觀看一次影片，瞭解整體內容，並記錄發音和語調。
慢速跟讀：將影片的播放速度調慢，逐句跟讀，注意模仿每個單詞的發音和語調。也可以使用“看YouTube學英語”的方法，配合影片字幕進行練習。
逐字影子：播放影片時暫停，嘗試在沒有字幕的情況下逐字跟讀，同樣是為了提高英語發音。
錄音對比：錄下你的聲音，與原影片進行對比，找出發音的差異，持續調整與修正。

這個影子跟讀技巧非常適合想要提高雅思口語練習的學習者，通過跟隨原聲的節奏和語調，可以大幅提升英語口語能力。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	are infected · is sucked · is formed
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has haunted · has already won · has been

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague - 通過影片學習英語口語

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背景與上下文

日常交流的五個短語

逐步影子跟讀指南

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？