쉐도잉 연습: This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
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Hi, Steve here.
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Today, I'm moving over as the voice of Kurzgesagt for something really special.
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Our dearest friend John Green would like to tell you a story that's very close to his heart.
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So, let's hear it from him directly.
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Hey John.
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Hey Steve, thanks so much.
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Let's dive right in.
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The White Death has haunted humanity like no other disease, following us for thousands, maybe millions of years.
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It was there when we tamed fire, invented culture, and ventured out of Africa to conquer the world.
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In 1815, it caused one in four deaths in Britain.
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In the last 200 years, it killed a billion people, way more than all wars and natural disasters combined.
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Even today, it's the infectious disease with the highest kill count, but do Do you even know what we are talking about?
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We're talking about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, or TB, our original archenemy.
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Right now, one in four humans alive are infected with the bacterium.
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You may be one of them.
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So how is it possible that we never hear about TB?
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Well, the White Death is the perfect human predator.
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infectious, but very quiet most of the time, careful not to murder recklessly, perfectly adapted to your immune system,
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and just physically incredibly hard to kill.
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What exactly makes it so powerful?
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The perfect human predator.
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Usually the bacterium enters your body through the airways and sets up home in the lungs,
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a giant living cave system defended by billions of macrophages, powerful guard cells that hunt and kill intruders.
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The TB bug is quickly attacked and devoured alive.
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Unfortunately, this is its plan.
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The White Death is the worst kind of parasite, an immune system parasite.
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Macrophages grab their victims, trap them inside a phagosome, and flood it with acid that rips them to pieces.
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TB evolved a thick, waxy coat that makes it completely immune to those acids.
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Worse, it captures and modifies the macrophage to be a perfect host.
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Like a tiny vampire, the parasite slowly consumes the cell.
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TB then replicates extremely slowly.
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Other microbes that make you sick multiply up to 60 times faster, exploding their numbers before the immune system can eradicate them.
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But the White Death is so well adapted to you, it has already won by being here.
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No need to rush things.
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When its host cell is sucked dry and dies, the bacteria infect new macrophages.
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Although these bacteria are stealthy, the decaying corpses they leave behind do activate a proper immune response.
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Your body knows something is up and mobilizes its forces.
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But once again, this is part of the plan.
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Macrophages and many other immune cells try to kill the bacteria, but that thick cell wall makes them a formidable fortress and resistant to many attacks.
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And it infects its attackers in the process.
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So when your cells can't kill them, they do the next best thing, keep the parasites from escaping.
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A granuloma is formed, a sort of white blob.
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In the center is a core of infected and dead macrophages, a pleasant home and food for the bacterium.
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Other immune cells surround this sphere of death to contain it, creating a safe space where TB can sit for years.
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Worse, it is perfectly protected from medication and releases chemicals that make it hard for your heavy immune weapons to be activated.
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This is the stalemate version of tuberculosis.
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The infection is sleeping, and the bacteria is doing its thing.
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This is going on right now in up to 2 billion people.
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But in 1 in 10 of them, the disease will become active.
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Active tuberculosis is an emergency, but again, a slow one.
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If your immune system can't contain the infection anymore, granulomas burst.
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Suddenly your lungs are filled with macrophage corpses and fresh bacteria.
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Your immune system panics and overreacts.
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Hordes of soldiers leave your blood and rush to the infected areas.
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They order inflammation and fluids flood into your lungs, but unfortunately, your lungs are not made to be a battlefield.
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In their panic, your immune cells don't care.
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They're running around with flamethrowers trying to purge the infection, but causing terrible damage.
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As fluids and dead tissue amass, it becomes difficult to breathe, and you begin coughing hard, sometimes even coughing up blood.
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And again, this is part of the plan, because now you spread millions of bacteria catching rides in tiny droplets.
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You burn a high fever and lose weight as your body is severely stressed.
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You turn into a ghost version of yourself.
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Even if you are treated, this phase can last weeks to months and is very serious.
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Insufficiently treated, TB will over months, years, or even decades slowly overtake your body.
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Especially for children or those already weakened, this can be too much and the disease wins the war.
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The bacterium spreads to other organs, lung function breaks down, and the patient dies.
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1.3 million people died this way in 2023 alone.
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The worst kind of problem.
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Tuberculosis is the worst kind of problem, a slow one.
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Instead of killing millions quickly, like COVID, scaring a panicked humanity into frantic action, TB is a smoldering fire,
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killing too slowly for our short attention span.
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The symptoms are often mild for many months, so you don't feel in danger.
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Tuberculosis doesn't want to kill you, of course, it wants to stay alive and spread.
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And to do this, it exploits human behavior.
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The people you are most likely to infect are your family and friends, co-workers, or neighbors, the people you spend a lot of time with.
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When COVID brought the world to a halt, the average patient infected two to three people.
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An active TB patient infects five to fifteen people in a year.
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Most people catch it via breathing tiny droplets from a cough or sneeze.
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This is especially common in crowded, poorly ventilated housing or workplaces, which is why TB exploded during the Industrial Revolution.
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And indeed, wherever we see new, unplanned, and overcrowded urbanization from Lagos to St. Petersburg, we tend to see a rise of the White Death alongside it.
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Today, most cases of active tuberculosis, the version that spreads the disease further, can be cured with a four-month regimen of four different antibiotics.
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But if that's the case, how is this still the deadliest infectious disease on Earth?
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Between 1940 and 1965, humans developed several drugs to fight TB, finally making it curable.
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It was a true achievement of human ingenuity, but we didn't do a great job of distributing the cure.
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While tuberculosis is almost extinct in much of Europe, the US, and the Middle East, it is still a very real threat in most of the world.
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TB kills people primarily in Africa, South America, and Asia.
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In 2022, two-thirds of all TB cases were in just six countries,
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India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Nigeria.
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Almost half of all tuberculosis deaths happened in Southeast Asia.
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But as it is a slow problem like climate change, it was ignored instead of fought aggressively,
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which enabled more and more strains of TB to develop antibiotic resistance.
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Which is a problem because we kinda stopped making new drugs.
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In the first 25 years of the antibiotic era, we developed eight different classes of drugs to treat TB.
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And then, in the 47 years between 1965 and 2012, we developed none.
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Developing new drugs is extremely expensive, and there was no concentrated effort to eradicate TB, and there simply wasn't enough profit incentive.
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There is a vaccine, but it's over a hundred years old and not particularly effective.
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But beginning in 2012, we did finally develop two new classes of drugs that treat TB, and We may finally be at an inflection point again,
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as better vaccines are on the horizon.
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Companies that made COVID tests also developed a quick test for TB.
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So we now have a real opportunity to push this disease back until it dies forever.
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But only if we get enough people to know about TB, like you do now, and to care about it.
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A century ago, in the United States,
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there were almost as many hospital beds for TB patients as for treating all other illnesses and injuries combined.
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The White Death was a leading cause of death in the US, and then one day, it just wasn't anymore.
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And we can do this again.
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4,000 people died of tuberculosis yesterday.
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And we simply don't have to accept a world where
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so many of us still die of a disease we know how to cure.
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The White Death has been with us for millions of years.
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It is time to continue our journey without it.
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If you want to learn more about tuberculosis and the folks working to fight it through clinical trials and care delivery, and also learn how you can help,
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check out the organization Partners in Health at pih.org slash programs slash tuberculosis.
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We've put a link in the description for you.
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Also if this wasn't enough TB for you, there's a crash course lecture on the history and presence of tuberculosis.
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We'll include a link to that as well.
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Steve, I'll see you on fri- nope, this isn't Vlogbrothers.
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Soon.
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I'll see you soon, Steve.
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Thank you.
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이 비디오로 말하기 연습을 하는 이유는 무엇인가요?
이 비디오는 결핵이라는 세계적으로 심각한 질병에 대해 다루고 있습니다. 이처럼 전문적이고 심도 있는 내용을 가진 영상을 통해 영어 회화 연습을 할 수 있는 기회를 가지고, 복잡한 의학적 개념을 영어로 실습하며 자연스럽게 언어 능력을 향상시키는 데 도움이 됩니다. 특히, 영어 쉐도잉 기법을 활용하면 발음, 억양, 그리고 구문 구조를 배우며 듣기와 말하기 능력을 동시에 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 이 비디오에서 제시되는 여러 내용들은 실제 회화 상황에서 자주 사용되는 표현들이므로, 이를 반복적으로 듣고 따라 하는 과정을 통해 여러분의 영어 실력이 점진적으로 상승할 것입니다.
맥락 속 문법 및 표현
비디오에서 사용된 매우 중요한 문법 구조와 표현을 살펴보면 다음과 같습니다:
- "Do you even know what we are talking about?": 이 표현은 대화 상대에게 주제를 명확히 전달하고 관심을 유도하는 효과적인 질문입니다.
- "The white death is the worst kind of parasite": 이 문장에서는 최상급(be the best/worst) 형용사를 사용하여 비교를 통해 강조하는 방법을 볼 수 있습니다.
- "It was there when we tamed fire": 과거 시제를 활용한 문장으로 역사를 이야기하는 데 효과적입니다.
위의 표현들은 비디오의 주제를 깊이 있게 전달하고 있으며, shadow speak 훈련에서도 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 문법적 요소들입니다.
일반적인 발음 함정
비디오에서 주목할 만한 발음과 억양에 대해 살펴보면:
- tuberculosis: '튜버쿨로시스'라고 발음되지만, 일본어와 유사한 비슷한 소리가 나기 때문에 주의가 필요합니다.
- macrophages: '매크로파지스'로 발음되는 이 단어는 연결음 때문에 쉽게 틀릴 수 있는 모음 소리입니다.
정확한 발음 연습을 통해 이러한 어려운 단어의 발음을 개선할 수 있습니다. 유튜브 영어 공부의 일환으로 이 비디오를 반복 시청하며 발음을 체크하는 것이 좋습니다.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | are infected · is sucked · is formed |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has haunted · has already won · has been |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.