쉐도잉 연습: Ticks Can Spread An Allergy To… Red Meat? - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Ticks are the worst.
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Ticks are the worst.
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And they’re very effective at being the worst.
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They’re responsible for 77% of diseases in the US passed to humans by blood-feeding critters, like lyme disease and spotted fevers.
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But the weirdest tick-borne disease out there is a lot stranger.
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The only common manifestation is an allergy to red meat.
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It’s called Alpha-Gal Syndrome, or AGS.
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And, it is spreading.
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[♪ INTRO] Alpha-gal syndrome is kind of a baby in the tick-borne disease world.
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It was only confirmed in 2007.
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And its main sign is that it causes you to develop an allergic reaction to a sugar called alpha-gal.
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It’s actually one of only two known allergies where the thing you react to is a sugar, instead of a protein.
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Almost all mammals make this alpha-gal sugar, but the gene is inactivated in humans and some other primates, so we don’t produce it.
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We don’t fully understand the mechanism of how ticks cause Alpha-gal syndrome, but we think it has to do with their spit.
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Ticks carry all kinds of nasty stuff in their saliva, like the bacteria that causes Lyme disease.
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It’s also chock full of proteins that have an outer coating of a whole bunch of alpha-gal sugars.
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The main hypothesis right now is that when they snack on us, those alpha-gal covered proteins enter our body.
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And because humans don’t produce this sugar, it’s treated as a foreign invader, triggering our immune systems to see it as a threat.
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That causes the body to produce antibodies called IgEs, which are then primed to recognise alpha-gal as a threat in the future.
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And that future is inevitable for eaters of red meat, since, as we said, basically all other mammals make that sugar too.
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Which means that the next time the unsuspecting tick-bite victim digs into a burger or hotdog, the antibodies spot the sugar and tell immune cells to release chemical signals, triggering an allergic reaction.
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This can present in a few different ways, from uncomfortable rashes to something as severe as anaphylaxis.
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And unlike in other allergic reactions, where anaphylaxis is almost immediate, Alpha-gal related anaphylaxis can be delayed for hours after eating meat.
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Despite the delay, this is still a serious, potentially-fatal reaction, so getting a quick and correct diagnosis is super important.
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But that isn’t as simple as it sounds.
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One survey found that nearly half of health care practitioners in the United States hadn’t even heard of alpha-gal syndrome, and less than a third felt comfortable diagnosing it.
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The lack of widespread knowledge on this new illness is a pretty big issue.
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The CDC estimates that more than 450,000 in the United States might have developed the life-threatening allergy since 2010, many of whom won’t even realize they have the illness.
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The majority of these cases are found in the eastern United States, which is also where we find the Lone Star tick, a species of tick named for the single white dot on its back.
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The Lone Star tick is responsible for a plethora of nasty diseases like ehrlichiosis, Heartland virus disease and southern tick-associated rash illness.
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And, alpha-gal syndrome.
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But this disease isn’t unique to the Lone Star tick or even the United States.
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From South Africa to Sweden, Alpha-gal syndrome has been spread by different but equally nasty species of ticks in countries on every continent but Antartica.
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Now, if you’re one of the growing number of people across the globe with alpha-gal syndrome but you still have a hankering for bacon, not all is lost.
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In 2020, the FDA approved a line of “GalSafe” domestic pigs for both food and therapeutic use.
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These pigs don’t express alpha-gal on their cells, so shouldn’t trigger an allergic reaction.
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It might just be easier and cheaper to cut mammal meat out of your diet, though.
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But people with alpha-gal syndrome aren’t just missing out on steak.
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It can cause reactions to other products containing alpha-gal like dairy and gelatin.
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And the bigger concern with Alpha-gal syndrome is the potential for reactions to pharmaceutical products that contain alpha-gal, which are much more complicated to avoid than meat or dairy.
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Take Cetuximab, a drug used to treat colorectal cancer and squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
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Back in 2007, people in areas like Tennessee and North Carolina were reported to show negative reactions to Cetuximab at much higher rates than reported elsewhere.
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We now know that people in these areas are much more likely to report being bitten by the fiendish Lone Star tick, and those adverse reactions were caused by Alpha-gal syndrome.
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Unfortunately, beyond avoiding the triggers, there’s no cure for Alpha-gal syndrome.
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Although the symptoms can lessen or even disappear over time, there’s no guarantee of that happening.
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So your best bet to keep enjoying the occasional steak is to try and avoid tick bites altogether.
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Which is becoming increasingly difficult to do.
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For instance, Lone Star ticks have been found in the southeastern United States for over a century, but in the past few decades they‘ve been expanding their territory northward.
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As temperatures increase due to the climate crisis, conditions become much more favourable for ticks to survive and reproduce.
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So we’re seeing more ticks than ever, and a longer active season for them to find humans to snack on.
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All of this means the potential for more tick-borne disease, including Alpha-gal syndrome.
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So I guess if you do want to continue eating that McDonalds hamburger the best thing to do is to follow the ABCs of tick prevention.
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A - Avoid places ticks love to hide out, like tall grasses and leaf litter.
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B- bug spray!
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And lots of it.
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The CDC recommends bug spray containing 30% DEET or picaridin.
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And C - clothing.
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Cover up with long clothes, and tuck your pants into your socks if you plan on wading through long grass.
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These are all simple but effective ways to stay safe against ticks and avoid a future allergy to cheese.
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And, given the damage ticks can do, this is good advice even if you’re a vegetarian.
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주요 어휘 및 구문
- ticks (진드기)
- Alpha-Gal Syndrome (알파-갈 증후군)
- allergy (알레르기)
- immune system (면역 체계)
- anaphylaxis (아나필락시스)
- diagnosis (진단)
- symptoms (증상)
- avoid (피하다)
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