Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague

Đang tạo bài học...
1
Hi, Steve here.
2
Today, I'm moving over as the voice of Kurzgesagt for something really special.
3
Our dearest friend John Green would like to tell you a story that's very close to his heart.
4
So, let's hear it from him directly.
5
Hey John.
6
Hey Steve, thanks so much.
7
Let's dive right in.
8
The White Death has haunted humanity like no other disease, following us for thousands, maybe millions of years.
9
It was there when we tamed fire, invented culture, and ventured out of Africa to conquer the world.
10
In 1815, it caused one in four deaths in Britain.
11
In the last 200 years, it killed a billion people, way more than all wars and natural disasters combined.
12
Even today, it's the infectious disease with the highest kill count, but do Do you even know what we are talking about?
13
We're talking about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, or TB, our original archenemy.
14
Right now, one in four humans alive are infected with the bacterium.
15
You may be one of them.
16
So how is it possible that we never hear about TB?
17
Well, the White Death is the perfect human predator.
18
infectious, but very quiet most of the time, careful not to murder recklessly, perfectly adapted to your immune system,
19
and just physically incredibly hard to kill.
20
What exactly makes it so powerful?
21
The perfect human predator.
22
Usually the bacterium enters your body through the airways and sets up home in the lungs,
23
a giant living cave system defended by billions of macrophages, powerful guard cells that hunt and kill intruders.
24
The TB bug is quickly attacked and devoured alive.
25
Unfortunately, this is its plan.
26
The White Death is the worst kind of parasite, an immune system parasite.
27
Macrophages grab their victims, trap them inside a phagosome, and flood it with acid that rips them to pieces.
28
TB evolved a thick, waxy coat that makes it completely immune to those acids.
29
Worse, it captures and modifies the macrophage to be a perfect host.
30
Like a tiny vampire, the parasite slowly consumes the cell.
31
TB then replicates extremely slowly.
32
Other microbes that make you sick multiply up to 60 times faster, exploding their numbers before the immune system can eradicate them.
33
But the White Death is so well adapted to you, it has already won by being here.
34
No need to rush things.
35
When its host cell is sucked dry and dies, the bacteria infect new macrophages.
36
Although these bacteria are stealthy, the decaying corpses they leave behind do activate a proper immune response.
37
Your body knows something is up and mobilizes its forces.
38
But once again, this is part of the plan.
39
Macrophages and many other immune cells try to kill the bacteria, but that thick cell wall makes them a formidable fortress and resistant to many attacks.
40
And it infects its attackers in the process.
41
So when your cells can't kill them, they do the next best thing, keep the parasites from escaping.
42
A granuloma is formed, a sort of white blob.
43
In the center is a core of infected and dead macrophages, a pleasant home and food for the bacterium.
44
Other immune cells surround this sphere of death to contain it, creating a safe space where TB can sit for years.
45
Worse, it is perfectly protected from medication and releases chemicals that make it hard for your heavy immune weapons to be activated.
46
This is the stalemate version of tuberculosis.
47
The infection is sleeping, and the bacteria is doing its thing.
48
This is going on right now in up to 2 billion people.
49
But in 1 in 10 of them, the disease will become active.
50
Active tuberculosis is an emergency, but again, a slow one.
51
If your immune system can't contain the infection anymore, granulomas burst.
52
Suddenly your lungs are filled with macrophage corpses and fresh bacteria.
53
Your immune system panics and overreacts.
54
Hordes of soldiers leave your blood and rush to the infected areas.
55
They order inflammation and fluids flood into your lungs, but unfortunately, your lungs are not made to be a battlefield.
56
In their panic, your immune cells don't care.
57
They're running around with flamethrowers trying to purge the infection, but causing terrible damage.
58
As fluids and dead tissue amass, it becomes difficult to breathe, and you begin coughing hard, sometimes even coughing up blood.
59
And again, this is part of the plan, because now you spread millions of bacteria catching rides in tiny droplets.
60
You burn a high fever and lose weight as your body is severely stressed.
61
You turn into a ghost version of yourself.
62
Even if you are treated, this phase can last weeks to months and is very serious.
63
Insufficiently treated, TB will over months, years, or even decades slowly overtake your body.
64
Especially for children or those already weakened, this can be too much and the disease wins the war.
65
The bacterium spreads to other organs, lung function breaks down, and the patient dies.
66
1.3 million people died this way in 2023 alone.
67
The worst kind of problem.
68
Tuberculosis is the worst kind of problem, a slow one.
69
Instead of killing millions quickly, like COVID, scaring a panicked humanity into frantic action, TB is a smoldering fire,
70
killing too slowly for our short attention span.
71
The symptoms are often mild for many months, so you don't feel in danger.
72
Tuberculosis doesn't want to kill you, of course, it wants to stay alive and spread.
73
And to do this, it exploits human behavior.
74
The people you are most likely to infect are your family and friends, co-workers, or neighbors, the people you spend a lot of time with.
75
When COVID brought the world to a halt, the average patient infected two to three people.
76
An active TB patient infects five to fifteen people in a year.
77
Most people catch it via breathing tiny droplets from a cough or sneeze.
78
This is especially common in crowded, poorly ventilated housing or workplaces, which is why TB exploded during the Industrial Revolution.
79
And indeed, wherever we see new, unplanned, and overcrowded urbanization from Lagos to St. Petersburg, we tend to see a rise of the White Death alongside it.
80
Today, most cases of active tuberculosis, the version that spreads the disease further, can be cured with a four-month regimen of four different antibiotics.
81
But if that's the case, how is this still the deadliest infectious disease on Earth?
82
Between 1940 and 1965, humans developed several drugs to fight TB, finally making it curable.
83
It was a true achievement of human ingenuity, but we didn't do a great job of distributing the cure.
84
While tuberculosis is almost extinct in much of Europe, the US, and the Middle East, it is still a very real threat in most of the world.
85
TB kills people primarily in Africa, South America, and Asia.
86
In 2022, two-thirds of all TB cases were in just six countries,
87
India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Nigeria.
88
Almost half of all tuberculosis deaths happened in Southeast Asia.
89
But as it is a slow problem like climate change, it was ignored instead of fought aggressively,
90
which enabled more and more strains of TB to develop antibiotic resistance.
91
Which is a problem because we kinda stopped making new drugs.
92
In the first 25 years of the antibiotic era, we developed eight different classes of drugs to treat TB.
93
And then, in the 47 years between 1965 and 2012, we developed none.
94
Developing new drugs is extremely expensive, and there was no concentrated effort to eradicate TB, and there simply wasn't enough profit incentive.
95
There is a vaccine, but it's over a hundred years old and not particularly effective.
96
But beginning in 2012, we did finally develop two new classes of drugs that treat TB, and We may finally be at an inflection point again,
97
as better vaccines are on the horizon.
98
Companies that made COVID tests also developed a quick test for TB.
99
So we now have a real opportunity to push this disease back until it dies forever.
100
But only if we get enough people to know about TB, like you do now, and to care about it.
101
A century ago, in the United States,
102
there were almost as many hospital beds for TB patients as for treating all other illnesses and injuries combined.
103
The White Death was a leading cause of death in the US, and then one day, it just wasn't anymore.
104
And we can do this again.
105
4,000 people died of tuberculosis yesterday.
106
And we simply don't have to accept a world where
107
so many of us still die of a disease we know how to cure.
108
The White Death has been with us for millions of years.
109
It is time to continue our journey without it.
110
If you want to learn more about tuberculosis and the folks working to fight it through clinical trials and care delivery, and also learn how you can help,
111
check out the organization Partners in Health at pih.org slash programs slash tuberculosis.
112
We've put a link in the description for you.
113
Also if this wasn't enough TB for you, there's a crash course lecture on the history and presence of tuberculosis.
114
We'll include a link to that as well.
115
Steve, I'll see you on fri- nope, this isn't Vlogbrothers.
116
Soon.
117
I'll see you soon, Steve.
118
Thank you.

Tại sao nên luyện nói với video này?

Video "Căn bệnh này nguy hiểm hơn cả dịch hạch" không chỉ mang đến thông tin hữu ích về bệnh lao mà còn là một tài liệu tuyệt vời để luyện nói tiếng anh. Khi bạn thực hành shadowing tiếng anh với video này, bạn không chỉ cải thiện kỹ năng phát âm mà còn hiểu rõ cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ trong bối cảnh thực tế. Nghe một người nói tự nhiên và cảm xúc giúp bạn nắm bắt được ngữ điệu, ngữ cảnh và cách diễn đạt phong phú. Việc này tạo cơ hội cho bạn tự tin hơn khi giao tiếp trong các tình huống khác nhau.

Ngữ pháp & Câu biểu đạt trong bối cảnh

Trong video, một số cấu trúc chính được sử dụng để diễn đạt ý tưởng bao gồm:

  • Dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành: "In the last 200 years it killed a billion people". Việc sử dụng thì này giúp nhấn mạnh đến sự kéo dài của một hành động trong quá khứ đến hiện tại.
  • Câu điều kiện loại 1: "If your immune system can’t contain the infection anymore." Cấu trúc này chỉ ra sự phụ thuộc vào một điều kiện cụ thể, từ đó giúp người học hiểu cách sử dụng câu điều kiện trong ngữ cảnh thực tế.
  • Câu bị động: "The TB bug is quickly attacked and devoured alive." Sử dụng câu bị động giúp thay đổi trọng tâm của câu và thường được sử dụng nhiều trong các bài thuyết trình hoặc văn bản báo cáo.

Những cấu trúc này không chỉ hữu ích mà còn tạo cơ hội cho bạn luyện nói tiếng anh một cách tự nhiên hơn thông qua việc áp dụng chúng vào thực tế giao tiếp.

Các cạm bẫy phát âm phổ biến

Có một số từ và cụm từ trong video mà người học tiếng anh thường gặp khó khăn trong phát âm. Ví dụ:

  • Tuberculosis [tjuːˈbɜːr.kjʊˌloʊ.sɪs]: Đây là từ khó phát âm, với các âm tiết mà người học có thể dễ dàng nhầm lẫn.
  • Macrophages [ˈmæk.roʊˌfeɪdʒ]: Từ này có thể gây cản trở cho những ai chưa quen với các âm phức tạp.
  • Granuloma [ˌɡræn.jʊˈloʊ.mə]: Từ này có âm tiết nhấn mạnh vào vị trí không quen thuộc, dễ gây nhầm lẫn khi phát âm.

Để tránh mắc lỗi phát âm, bạn nên shadow speech với video này, lặp lại các từ và cụm từ theo cách mà người nói diễn đạt. Điều này không những giúp bạn nói chuẩn hơn mà còn giúp bạn xây dựng phản xạ ngôn ngữ tốt hơn.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →