シャドーイング練習: This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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Hi, Steve here.
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Today, I'm moving over as the voice of Kurzgesagt for something really special.
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Our dearest friend John Green would like to tell you a story that's very close to his heart.
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So, let's hear it from him directly.
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Hey John.
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Hey Steve, thanks so much.
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Let's dive right in.
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The White Death has haunted humanity like no other disease, following us for thousands, maybe millions of years.
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It was there when we tamed fire, invented culture, and ventured out of Africa to conquer the world.
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In 1815, it caused one in four deaths in Britain.
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In the last 200 years, it killed a billion people, way more than all wars and natural disasters combined.
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Even today, it's the infectious disease with the highest kill count, but do Do you even know what we are talking about?
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We're talking about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, or TB, our original archenemy.
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Right now, one in four humans alive are infected with the bacterium.
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You may be one of them.
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So how is it possible that we never hear about TB?
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Well, the White Death is the perfect human predator.
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infectious, but very quiet most of the time, careful not to murder recklessly, perfectly adapted to your immune system,
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and just physically incredibly hard to kill.
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What exactly makes it so powerful?
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The perfect human predator.
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Usually the bacterium enters your body through the airways and sets up home in the lungs,
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a giant living cave system defended by billions of macrophages, powerful guard cells that hunt and kill intruders.
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The TB bug is quickly attacked and devoured alive.
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Unfortunately, this is its plan.
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The White Death is the worst kind of parasite, an immune system parasite.
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Macrophages grab their victims, trap them inside a phagosome, and flood it with acid that rips them to pieces.
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TB evolved a thick, waxy coat that makes it completely immune to those acids.
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Worse, it captures and modifies the macrophage to be a perfect host.
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Like a tiny vampire, the parasite slowly consumes the cell.
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TB then replicates extremely slowly.
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Other microbes that make you sick multiply up to 60 times faster, exploding their numbers before the immune system can eradicate them.
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But the White Death is so well adapted to you, it has already won by being here.
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No need to rush things.
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When its host cell is sucked dry and dies, the bacteria infect new macrophages.
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Although these bacteria are stealthy, the decaying corpses they leave behind do activate a proper immune response.
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Your body knows something is up and mobilizes its forces.
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But once again, this is part of the plan.
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Macrophages and many other immune cells try to kill the bacteria, but that thick cell wall makes them a formidable fortress and resistant to many attacks.
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And it infects its attackers in the process.
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So when your cells can't kill them, they do the next best thing, keep the parasites from escaping.
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A granuloma is formed, a sort of white blob.
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In the center is a core of infected and dead macrophages, a pleasant home and food for the bacterium.
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Other immune cells surround this sphere of death to contain it, creating a safe space where TB can sit for years.
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Worse, it is perfectly protected from medication and releases chemicals that make it hard for your heavy immune weapons to be activated.
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This is the stalemate version of tuberculosis.
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The infection is sleeping, and the bacteria is doing its thing.
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This is going on right now in up to 2 billion people.
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But in 1 in 10 of them, the disease will become active.
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Active tuberculosis is an emergency, but again, a slow one.
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If your immune system can't contain the infection anymore, granulomas burst.
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Suddenly your lungs are filled with macrophage corpses and fresh bacteria.
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Your immune system panics and overreacts.
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Hordes of soldiers leave your blood and rush to the infected areas.
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They order inflammation and fluids flood into your lungs, but unfortunately, your lungs are not made to be a battlefield.
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In their panic, your immune cells don't care.
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They're running around with flamethrowers trying to purge the infection, but causing terrible damage.
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As fluids and dead tissue amass, it becomes difficult to breathe, and you begin coughing hard, sometimes even coughing up blood.
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And again, this is part of the plan, because now you spread millions of bacteria catching rides in tiny droplets.
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You burn a high fever and lose weight as your body is severely stressed.
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You turn into a ghost version of yourself.
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Even if you are treated, this phase can last weeks to months and is very serious.
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Insufficiently treated, TB will over months, years, or even decades slowly overtake your body.
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Especially for children or those already weakened, this can be too much and the disease wins the war.
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The bacterium spreads to other organs, lung function breaks down, and the patient dies.
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1.3 million people died this way in 2023 alone.
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The worst kind of problem.
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Tuberculosis is the worst kind of problem, a slow one.
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Instead of killing millions quickly, like COVID, scaring a panicked humanity into frantic action, TB is a smoldering fire,
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killing too slowly for our short attention span.
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The symptoms are often mild for many months, so you don't feel in danger.
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Tuberculosis doesn't want to kill you, of course, it wants to stay alive and spread.
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And to do this, it exploits human behavior.
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The people you are most likely to infect are your family and friends, co-workers, or neighbors, the people you spend a lot of time with.
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When COVID brought the world to a halt, the average patient infected two to three people.
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An active TB patient infects five to fifteen people in a year.
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Most people catch it via breathing tiny droplets from a cough or sneeze.
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This is especially common in crowded, poorly ventilated housing or workplaces, which is why TB exploded during the Industrial Revolution.
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And indeed, wherever we see new, unplanned, and overcrowded urbanization from Lagos to St. Petersburg, we tend to see a rise of the White Death alongside it.
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Today, most cases of active tuberculosis, the version that spreads the disease further, can be cured with a four-month regimen of four different antibiotics.
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But if that's the case, how is this still the deadliest infectious disease on Earth?
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Between 1940 and 1965, humans developed several drugs to fight TB, finally making it curable.
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It was a true achievement of human ingenuity, but we didn't do a great job of distributing the cure.
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While tuberculosis is almost extinct in much of Europe, the US, and the Middle East, it is still a very real threat in most of the world.
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TB kills people primarily in Africa, South America, and Asia.
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In 2022, two-thirds of all TB cases were in just six countries,
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India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Nigeria.
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Almost half of all tuberculosis deaths happened in Southeast Asia.
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But as it is a slow problem like climate change, it was ignored instead of fought aggressively,
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which enabled more and more strains of TB to develop antibiotic resistance.
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Which is a problem because we kinda stopped making new drugs.
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In the first 25 years of the antibiotic era, we developed eight different classes of drugs to treat TB.
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And then, in the 47 years between 1965 and 2012, we developed none.
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Developing new drugs is extremely expensive, and there was no concentrated effort to eradicate TB, and there simply wasn't enough profit incentive.
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There is a vaccine, but it's over a hundred years old and not particularly effective.
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But beginning in 2012, we did finally develop two new classes of drugs that treat TB, and We may finally be at an inflection point again,
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as better vaccines are on the horizon.
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Companies that made COVID tests also developed a quick test for TB.
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So we now have a real opportunity to push this disease back until it dies forever.
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But only if we get enough people to know about TB, like you do now, and to care about it.
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A century ago, in the United States,
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there were almost as many hospital beds for TB patients as for treating all other illnesses and injuries combined.
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The White Death was a leading cause of death in the US, and then one day, it just wasn't anymore.
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And we can do this again.
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4,000 people died of tuberculosis yesterday.
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And we simply don't have to accept a world where
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so many of us still die of a disease we know how to cure.
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The White Death has been with us for millions of years.
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It is time to continue our journey without it.
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If you want to learn more about tuberculosis and the folks working to fight it through clinical trials and care delivery, and also learn how you can help,
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check out the organization Partners in Health at pih.org slash programs slash tuberculosis.
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We've put a link in the description for you.
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Also if this wasn't enough TB for you, there's a crash course lecture on the history and presence of tuberculosis.
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We'll include a link to that as well.
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Steve, I'll see you on fri- nope, this isn't Vlogbrothers.
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Soon.
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I'll see you soon, Steve.
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Thank you.

このレッスンについて

このレッスンでは、結核(TB)についてのトピックを通じて英語のスピーキング能力を向上させます。特に、結核は数千年にわたり人類を悩ませてきた病気です。このビデオの内容を通じて、結核の特徴や感染経路、病原体がどのように人間の免疫系を利用するかについて学びます。このレッスンを通して、英語での理解力を高めるだけでなく、YouTubeで英語学習を通じて実践的なスピーキングスキルも向上させることができます。

重要な語彙とフレーズ

  • 結核 (tuberculosis, TB) - 人間に感染する病気で、古くから存在しています。
  • 感染 (infection) - 病原体が体内に入ること。
  • 免疫系 (immune system) - 体を病気から守るためのシステム。
  • マクロファージ (macrophage) - 免疫系の細胞で、異物を捕まえて排除します。
  • グラニュローマ (granuloma) - 感染した細胞を囲むことで病原体の拡散を防ぐ構造です。
  • 抗生物質 (antibiotics) - 病原体を治療するための薬。
  • 感染者 (infected person) - 病気が体内にある人。
  • 蔓延 (spread) - 病気が広がること。

練習のコツ

このビデオでは、話の速度は比較的穏やかで、感情を込めたトーンが特徴です。そのため、shadowspeak の技法を使うのが効果的です。特に、話の節目や強調されるキーワードに注意を払いながら、繰り返し発音してみましょう。

以下のポイントに留意して練習してください:

  • まずは、ビデオを聞きながら内容を理解します。
  • 次に、スクリプトを見ながら、特に重要な語彙やフレーズにフォーカスします。
  • その後、自分の声で話す際に、同じスピードとトーンを模倣します。これにより、英語スピーキング練習が効果的に行えます。
  • 最後に、自分の発音を録音して、自分の声を確認し、改善点を見つけましょう。

このプロセスを繰り返すことで、あなたの英語スピーキングスキルは確実に向上します。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てるare infected · is sucked · is formed
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているhas haunted · has already won · has been

シャドーイングとは?英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング(Shadowing)は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的:ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影(shadow)」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →