跟讀練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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contain multitudes.

Wendy Moore reviews Ed Yong's book about microbes.

Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us.

Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous.

They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans.

And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book, we mess with them at our peril.

Every species has its own colony of microbes,

called a microbiome, and these microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual.

What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher about 39 trillion.

At best, Jung informs us, we are only 50% human.

Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a holobiont.

In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach, the mouth or the armpit and by and large they do so peacefully.

So, bad microbes are just microbes out of context.

Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut, where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy, can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream.

These communities are constantly changing too.

The right hand shares just one-sixth of its microbes with the left hand.

And, of course, we are surrounded by microbes.

Every time we eat, we swallow a million microbes in each gram of food.

We are continually swapping microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large.

It's a fascinating topic and Yang, a young British science journalist, is an extraordinarily adept guide.

Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling.

Yang is on a mission.

Leading us gently by the hand, he takes us into the world of microbes a bizarre, alien planet in a bid to persuade us to love them as much as he does.

By the end, we do.

For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed.

The first man to see these extraordinarily potent creatures was a Dutch lensmaker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s.

Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times,

he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called animalcules.

It wasn't until nearly 200 years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease.

It was Pasteur's germ theory that gave bacteria the poor image that endures today.

Young's book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than 100 species of bacteria bring disease,

many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health.

The book also acknowledges that our attitude towards bacteria is not a simple one.

We tend to see the dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold yogurts and drinks that supposedly nurture, friendly, bacteria.

In reality, says Yang, bacteria should not be viewed as either friends or foes, villains or heroes.

Instead we should realize we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive.

What then do these millions of organisms do?

The answer is pretty much everything.

New research is now unraveling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate toxins,

produce vitamins, affect our behavior and even combat obesity.

They actually help us become who we are, says Young.

But we are facing a growing problem.

Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy,

low-fiber diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease, IBD.

The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside down.

For example, there are studies indicating that the excessive use of household detergents

and antibacterial products actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay.

Other studies show that keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later.

The readers of Yang's book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world.

Among the less appealing case studies is one about a fungus

that is wiping out entire populations of frogs and that can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium.

Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria that protect them against predators.

However, if you can overcome your distaste for some of the investigations, the reasons for Yang's enthusiasm become clear.

The microbial world is a place of wonder.

Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever a disease

that infects 400 million people a year mosquitoes are being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease.

In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections.

Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes

so that babies get the best start in life.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 59 個句子、895 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 5:24。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 166 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 73% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
indicate 動詞	/ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/	表明, 表示
mutually 副詞	/ˈmjut͡ʃuəli/	互相, 相互
mosquito 名詞	/məsˈki.toʊ/	蚊子, 蛾塞蚊
allergy 名詞	/ˈæl.əɹ.d͡ʒi/	過敏 /過敏
topic 名詞	/ˈtɑpɪk/	主題 /主題, 話題 /話題
pet 名詞	/pɛt/	寵物 /寵物
naked 形容詞	/ˈneɪkɪd/	赤裸, 裸
soil 名詞	/sɔɪl/	土壤, 泥土
stomach 名詞	/ˈstʌmək/	дўзы, 胃
journalist 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/	記者 /記者, 新聞工作者 /新聞工作者
sixth 形容詞	/sɪksθ/	第六
vital 形容詞	/ˈvaɪtəl/	生命的
coat 名詞	/ˈkoʊ̯t/	外衣, 大衣
reader 名詞	/ˈɹi.dɚ/	讀者 /讀者
infection 名詞	/ɪnˈfɛkʃən/	傳染 /傳染

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
point out 動詞	指, 指出

需要注意的發音

“th” 音: sixth /sɪksθ/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzəm/, unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, enthrall /ɪnˈθɹɔːl/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, specially /ˈspɛʃəli/, obsession /əbˈsɛʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzəm/, supposedly /səˈpoʊ̯.zɪd.li/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 indicate, mutually, mosquito 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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