跟讀練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 3.

Passage 1.

Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation.

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools.

Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience.

The Romans were not traditionally sailors, but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered,

namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging.

Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques.

Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.

Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together.

Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon,

whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.

Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first

and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.

This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times.

The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.

They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull.

They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles.

They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.

Warships used both wind, sails, and human power and were therefore very fast.

Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called mer nostrum meaning a sea.

There were many kinds of warship.

The Trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE.

It had roars in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 roars in each bank.

The roars at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers

and were exposed to the water entering through the oar holes.

It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.

The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost.

They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability.

Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast.

They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern

and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables.

They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.

Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task.

In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials, for example iron bars, copper, marble and granite, and agricultural products,

for example grain from Egypt's Nile Valley.

During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about 1 million inhabitants.

Goods from all over the world would come to the city

through the port of Popeswoli situated west of the Bay of Naples in Italy

and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River.

Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely.

Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience,

local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena.

In conditions of good visibility, seaman in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation.

They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks.

When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or,

with less accuracy, from the sun at noon.

They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell.

Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their empire.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 B2 級別的口語課以影片“Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：ship, Roman, ancient, warship, hull。這段影片共有 54 個句子、822 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 5:44。說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 144 個詞，很適合跟讀。只有 73% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
sail 名詞	/seɪl/	帆, 風帆 /風帆
warship 名詞	/ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/	軍艦 /軍艦, 兵船
shipbuilding 名詞		造船
merchant 名詞	/ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/	商人, 商家
rower 名詞	/ˈɹəʊ.ə(ɹ)/	劃手
plank 名詞	/ˈplæŋk/	板, 板子
roar 動詞	/ˈɹoɹ/	咆哮, 怒吼
navigation 名詞	/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/	導航 /導航
oar 名詞	/oɹ/	槳 /槳
sophisticated 形容詞		有經驗的
proceed 動詞	/pɹəˈsid/	前進
cargo 名詞	/ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/	貨物 /貨物, 貨 /貨
ballast 名詞	/ˈbæl.əst/	壓載 /壓載
enroll 動詞	/ɪnˈɹəʊl/	註冊 /註冊
inhabitant 名詞	/ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/	居民, 居住者

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is based · were fixed · were unequaled
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	coast, which is · ram, which was

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, merchant /ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/, plank /ˈplæŋk/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/, situated /ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: enroll /ɪnˈɹəʊl/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, resemble /ɹɪˈzɛmbəl/, marble /ˈmɑɹ.bəl/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 sail, warship, shipbuilding 這類單詞。

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