Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1 - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 3.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation.
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Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools.
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Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience.
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The Romans were not traditionally sailors, but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered,
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namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
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There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging.
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Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques.
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Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.
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Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together.
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Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon,
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whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.
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Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first
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and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.
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This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times.
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The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE.
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Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.
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They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull.
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They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles.
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They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.
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Warships used both wind, sails, and human power and were therefore very fast.
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Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called mer nostrum meaning a sea.
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There were many kinds of warship.
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The Trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE.
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It had roars in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 roars in each bank.
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The roars at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers
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and were exposed to the water entering through the oar holes.
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It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.
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The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
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Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost.
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They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability.
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Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast.
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They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern
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and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables.
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They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.
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Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task.
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In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
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The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials, for example iron bars, copper, marble and granite, and agricultural products,
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for example grain from Egypt's Nile Valley.
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During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about 1 million inhabitants.
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Goods from all over the world would come to the city
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through the port of Popeswoli situated west of the Bay of Naples in Italy
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and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River.
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Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
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The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely.
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Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience,
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local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena.
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In conditions of good visibility, seaman in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation.
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They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks.
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When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or,
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with less accuracy, from the sun at noon.
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They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell.
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Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their empire.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación de nivel B2 se basa en el vídeo “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1”. Las palabras que más se repiten: ship, Roman, ancient, warship, hull. Este vídeo tiene 54 frases y 822 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:44. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 144 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 73 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
sail sustantivo/seɪl/vela, candonga
warship sustantivo/ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/buque de guerra, buque militar
hull sustantivo/hʌl/hollejo, vaina
shipbuilding sustantivoconstrucción naval, construcción de barcos
merchant sustantivo/ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/comerciante, mercader
rower sustantivo/ˈɹəʊ.ə(ɹ)/remero, remador
plank sustantivo/ˈplæŋk/tablón, madero
roar verbo/ˈɹoɹ/rugir
navigation sustantivo/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/navegación, náutica
oar sustantivo/oɹ/remo
sophisticated adjetivode mundo, sofisticado
proceed verbo/pɹəˈsid/proceder
situated adjetivo/ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/situado
cargo sustantivo/ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/carga, cargamento
ballast sustantivo/ˈbæl.əst/lastre

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo haceis based · were fixed · were unequaled
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosacoast, which is · ram, which was

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

  • s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: swell /swɛl/, stitch /stɪt͡ʃ/, speedy /ˈspiː.di/, stern /stɝn/
  • /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
  • /z/ — sonora, no /s/: resemble /ɹɪˈzɛmbəl/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como sail, warship, hull.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →