Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3 - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Passage 3.
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Plant thermometer triggers springtime growth by measuring nighttime heat.
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A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have
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a second job as a thermometer after dark allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes.
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Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change.
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A. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered
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that the thermometer molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes.
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Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes, used by plants to detect light during the day,
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actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
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The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
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B. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is directly proportional to temperature,
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say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer.
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The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change, stimulating plant growth.
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Sea farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature, warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early,
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something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year.
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The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants
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that reacts to temperature often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
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E With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change,
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say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops.
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It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this.
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Key crops, such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures.
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Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every 1 degree increase in temperature,
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says lead researcher wigger from cambridge's sainsbury laboratory discovering the molecules
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that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress
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and climate change e in their active state phytochrome molecules bind
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themselves to dna to restrict plant growth during the day sunlight activates the the molecules, slowing down growth.
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If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated, enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again.
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This is how plants compete to escape each other's shade.
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Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second, says Wigger.
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At night, however, it's a different story.
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Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state.
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This is called dark reversion.
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Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature, says Wigger.
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F. The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity,
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so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state.
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This is why plants are slower to grow in winter.
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Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant's DNA,
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allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.
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Wigger believes phytochrome thermosensing evolved at a later stage,
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and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
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Gee some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season.
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Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact,
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the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season, oak before ash we'll have a splash,
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ash before oak we're in for a soak.
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Wigge explains, oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development,
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whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing.
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A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash.
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A cold spring will see the opposite.
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As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.
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H. The new findings are the culmination of 12 years of research involving scientists from Germany,
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Argentina, and the U.S., as well as the Cambridge team.
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The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis,
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but Wigger says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well.
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Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants,
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and even alter their activity using precise molecular scalpels, adds Wigger.
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Cambridge is uniquely well positioned to do this kind of research
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as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology
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and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3”. Las palabras que más se repiten: plant, temperature, phytochrome, molecule, thermometer. Este vídeo tiene 58 frases y 872 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 6:07. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 143 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 72 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
molecule sustantivo/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/molécula
thermometer sustantivo/θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/termómetro
inactive adjetivo/ɪnˈæktɪv/inactivo
seasonal adjetivo/ˈsiːzənəl/estacional, temporalero
breed verbo/ˈbɹiːd/criar
resilient adjetivo/ɹɪˈzɪl.jənt/tenaz, resistente
revert verbo/ɹɪˈvɝt/revertir
dictate verbo/ˈdɪkˌteɪt/dictar
soak verbo/soʊk/empaparse
accelerate verbo/ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/acelerar, embalar
sunlight sustantivo/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/luz del sol, luz solar
researcher sustantivo/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/investigador, investigadora
distress sustantivo/dɪˈstɹɛs/distrés, distress
mercury sustantivo/ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/mercurio, azogue
thermal adjetivo/ˈθɜːməl/termal

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

PalabraSignificado
slow down verbodesacelerar, decelerar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hacehas been found · is estimated · is called
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahorahas been found · has discovered · have revealed

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

  • Los sonidos de “th”: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: reversion /ɹɪˈvɚʒən/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/, splash /splæʃ/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, collaborator /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como molecule, thermometer, inactive.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →