跟读练习: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3 - 通过视频学习英语口语
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58 句
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Passage 3.
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Plant thermometer triggers springtime growth by measuring nighttime heat.
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A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have
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a second job as a thermometer after dark allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes.
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Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change.
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A. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered
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that the thermometer molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes.
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Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes, used by plants to detect light during the day,
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actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
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The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
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B. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is directly proportional to temperature,
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say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer.
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The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change, stimulating plant growth.
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Sea farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature, warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early,
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something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year.
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The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants
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that reacts to temperature often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
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E With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change,
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say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops.
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It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this.
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Key crops, such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures.
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Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every 1 degree increase in temperature,
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says lead researcher wigger from cambridge's sainsbury laboratory discovering the molecules
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that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress
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and climate change e in their active state phytochrome molecules bind
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themselves to dna to restrict plant growth during the day sunlight activates the the molecules, slowing down growth.
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If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated, enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again.
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This is how plants compete to escape each other's shade.
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Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second, says Wigger.
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At night, however, it's a different story.
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Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state.
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This is called dark reversion.
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Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature, says Wigger.
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F. The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity,
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so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state.
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This is why plants are slower to grow in winter.
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Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant's DNA,
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allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.
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Wigger believes phytochrome thermosensing evolved at a later stage,
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and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
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Gee some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season.
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Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact,
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the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season, oak before ash we'll have a splash,
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ash before oak we're in for a soak.
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Wigge explains, oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development,
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whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing.
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A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash.
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A cold spring will see the opposite.
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As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.
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H. The new findings are the culmination of 12 years of research involving scientists from Germany,
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Argentina, and the U.S., as well as the Cambridge team.
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The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis,
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but Wigger says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well.
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Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants,
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and even alter their activity using precise molecular scalpels, adds Wigger.
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Cambridge is uniquely well positioned to do this kind of research
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as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology
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and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：plant, temperature, phytochrome, molecule, thermometer。 这段视频共有 58 个句子、872 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 6:07。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 143 个词，很适合跟读。 只有 72% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| molecule 名词 | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | 分子 |
| thermometer 名词 | /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/ | 溫度計 /温度计, 溫度錶 /温度表 |
| seasonal 形容词 | /ˈsiːzənəl/ | 季節性 /季节性 |
| breed 动词 | /ˈbɹiːd/ | 配種 /配种 |
| dictate 动词 | /ˈdɪkˌteɪt/ | 命令, 規定 /规定 |
| soak 动词 | /soʊk/ | 濕透 /湿透 |
| accelerate 动词 | /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/ | 加速 |
| sunlight 名词 | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | 陽光 /阳光, 日光 |
| researcher 名词 | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | 研究員 /研究员, 研究者 |
| mercury 名词 | /ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/ | 汞, 水銀 /水银 |
| predict 动词 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 預言 /预言 |
| collaborator 名词 | /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/ | 合作者 |
| daffodil 名词 | /ˈdæfəˌdɪl/ | 黃水仙 /黄水仙 |
| downtime 名词 | /ˈdaʊnˌtaɪm/ | 停機時間 /停机时间 |
| inactivate 动词 | /ɪˈnæktɪveɪt/ | 使不活動 /使不活动 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| slow down 动词 | 減速 /减速, 放慢 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | has been found · is estimated · is called |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has been found · has discovered · have revealed |
需要注意的发音
- “th” 音: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: reversion /ɹɪˈvɚʒən/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/, splash /splæʃ/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, collaborator /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 molecule, thermometer, seasonal 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。