跟读练习: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1 - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 3.

Passage 1.

Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation.

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools.

Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience.

The Romans were not traditionally sailors, but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered,

namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging.

Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques.

Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.

Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together.

Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon,

whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.

Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first

and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.

This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times.

The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.

They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull.

They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles.

They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.

Warships used both wind, sails, and human power and were therefore very fast.

Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called mer nostrum meaning a sea.

There were many kinds of warship.

The Trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE.

It had roars in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 roars in each bank.

The roars at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers

and were exposed to the water entering through the oar holes.

It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.

The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost.

They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability.

Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast.

They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern

and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables.

They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.

Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task.

In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials, for example iron bars, copper, marble and granite, and agricultural products,

for example grain from Egypt's Nile Valley.

During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about 1 million inhabitants.

Goods from all over the world would come to the city

through the port of Popeswoli situated west of the Bay of Naples in Italy

and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River.

Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely.

Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience,

local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena.

In conditions of good visibility, seaman in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation.

They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks.

When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or,

with less accuracy, from the sun at noon.

They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell.

Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their empire.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 B2 级别的口语课以视频“Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：ship, Roman, ancient, warship, hull。这段视频共有 54 个句子、822 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 5:44。说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 144 个词，很适合跟读。只有 73% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
sail 名词	/seɪl/	帆, 風帆 /风帆
warship 名词	/ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/	軍艦 /军舰, 兵船
shipbuilding 名词		造船
merchant 名词	/ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/	商人, 商家
rower 名词	/ˈɹəʊ.ə(ɹ)/	划手
plank 名词	/ˈplæŋk/	板, 板子
roar 动词	/ˈɹoɹ/	咆哮, 怒吼
navigation 名词	/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/	導航 /导航
oar 名词	/oɹ/	槳 /桨
sophisticated 形容词		有经验的
proceed 动词	/pɹəˈsid/	前进
cargo 名词	/ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/	貨物 /货物, 貨 /货
ballast 名词	/ˈbæl.əst/	壓載 /压载
enroll 动词	/ɪnˈɹəʊl/	註冊 /注册
inhabitant 名词	/ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/	居民, 居住者

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	is based · were fixed · were unequaled
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	coast, which is · ram, which was

需要注意的发音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
长单词——注意重音位置: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, merchant /ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/, plank /ˈplæŋk/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/, situated /ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: enroll /ɪnˈɹəʊl/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, resemble /ɹɪˈzɛmbəl/, marble /ˈmɑɹ.bəl/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 sail, warship, shipbuilding 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1 - 通过视频学习英语口语

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