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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 3.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation.
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Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools.
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Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience.
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The Romans were not traditionally sailors, but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered,
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namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
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There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging.
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Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques.
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Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.
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Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together.
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Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon,
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whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.
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Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first
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and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.
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This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times.
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The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE.
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Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.
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They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull.
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They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles.
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They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.
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Warships used both wind, sails, and human power and were therefore very fast.
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Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called mer nostrum meaning a sea.
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There were many kinds of warship.
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The Trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE.
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It had roars in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 roars in each bank.
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The roars at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers
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and were exposed to the water entering through the oar holes.
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It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.
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The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
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Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost.
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They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability.
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Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast.
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They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern
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and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables.
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They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.
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Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task.
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In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
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The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials, for example iron bars, copper, marble and granite, and agricultural products,
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for example grain from Egypt's Nile Valley.
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During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about 1 million inhabitants.
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Goods from all over the world would come to the city
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through the port of Popeswoli situated west of the Bay of Naples in Italy
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and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River.
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Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
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The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely.
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Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience,
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local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena.
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In conditions of good visibility, seaman in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation.
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They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks.
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When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or,
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with less accuracy, from the sun at noon.
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They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell.
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Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their empire.

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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione

Questa lezione di conversazione di livello B2 si basa sul video “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: ship, Roman, ancient, warship, hull. Questo video contiene 54 frasi e 822 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:44. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 144 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 73% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.

Vocaboli chiave di questo video

Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:

ParolaPronunciaSignificato
sail sostantivo/seɪl/vela
warship sostantivo/ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/nave da guerra
shipbuilding sostantivoingegneria navale
merchant sostantivo/ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/mercante, mercantessa
rower sostantivo/ˈɹəʊ.ə(ɹ)/rematore, rematrice
plank sostantivo/ˈplæŋk/tavola, asse
roar verbo/ˈɹoɹ/ruggire
navigation sostantivo/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/nautica, navigazione
oar sostantivo/oɹ/remo
sophisticated aggettivosofisticato
proceed verbo/pɹəˈsid/procedere
situated aggettivo/ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/situato
cargo sostantivo/ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/carico
ballast sostantivo/ˈbæl.əst/zavorra
enroll verbo/ɪnˈɹəʊl/iscriversi

La grammatica di questo video

Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:

StrutturaNel video
Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fais based · were fixed · were unequaled
Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosacoast, which is · ram, which was

Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione

  • I suoni “sh” e “zh”: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
  • Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:

  • /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hull /hʌl/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
  • Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, merchant /ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/, plank /ˈplæŋk/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/, situated /ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/
  • /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: plank /ˈplæŋk/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, ballast /ˈbæl.əst/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, mariner /ˈmæɹɪnɚ/

Come esercitarsi con questo video

  1. Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
  2. Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
  3. Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come sail, warship, shipbuilding.

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.

Tecnica dello shadowing: leggi la guida completa passo dopo passo →