Pratica di Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2 - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Passage 2.
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The Step Pyramid of Joseph.
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A. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day.
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These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country and the other cultures,
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such as the Chinese and Mayans, also built pyramids.
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The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries.
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However, there is no question there, as far as Egypt is concerned.
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It began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect, the step pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
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Djoser was the first king of the third dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone.
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Prior to Djoser's reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried.
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For reasons which remain unclear, Joseph's main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller,
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more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Steak Pyramid.
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Joseph is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule owing to the number
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and size of the monuments he built.
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See, the step pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages.
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Historian Mark Van de Mirab comments on this, writing much experimentation was involved,
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which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex.
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It had several plans before it became the first step pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another.
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The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.
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When finally completed, The step pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time.
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The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests.
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It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high.
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The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the southeast corner.
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The entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long
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and 40 meters wide the false doors in the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors
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if someone wished to enter he
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or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall
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Joseph was so proud of his accomplishment
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that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the Mondini
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and had him Hotex name carved on it as well.
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E, the burial chamber of the tomb, where the king's body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid,
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surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers robbers.
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One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels.
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Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms of the pyramid's underground passages.
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They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First
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and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone.
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There is no agreement among scholars
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and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the the tomb of Jozo or what they were supposed to represent.
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The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex,
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believes they were originally stored and then given a proper burial by Joseph in his pyramid to honor his predecessors.
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There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet
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another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king's burial chamber.
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If, unfortunately, all of the precautions
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and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in.
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Joseph's grave boots, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past,
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and all archaeologists' starved, were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves.
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There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its conflicts, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
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G. Egyptologist Miroslav Vena writes, few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Steak Pyramid in Saqqara,
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it can be said without exaggeration
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that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt
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and in the world as a whole.
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The Steak Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture
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and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello B2 si basa sul video “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: pyramid, Egypt, monument, stone, complex. Questo video contiene 54 frasi e 830 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:01. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 165 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 74% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| pyramid sostantivo | /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ | piramide |
| monument sostantivo | /ˈmɑnjʊmənt/ | monumento |
| archaeologist sostantivo | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | archeologo, archeologa |
| robber sostantivo | /ˈɹɑ.bɚ/ | rapinatore, ladro |
| tomb sostantivo | /tum/ | tomba |
| meter sostantivo | /ˈmitəɹ/ | metro, contatore |
| historian sostantivo | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | storico, storica |
| burial sostantivo | /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ | sepoltura, inumazione |
| discourage verbo | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | scoraggiare |
| trench sostantivo | /ˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/ | fosso, trincea |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | circondare |
| builder sostantivo | /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/ | costruttore, costruttrice |
| scholar sostantivo | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | studioso, erudito |
| reign sostantivo | /ɹeɪ̯n/ | regno |
| archetype sostantivo | /ˈɑɹkɪtaɪp/ | archetipo, capostipite |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| break up verbo | spezzettare, tagliuzzare |
| go through verbo | attraversare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | has been written · was buried · is thought |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have become · has been written · has been |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
- I suoni “th”: thief /ˈθiːf/, thoroughly /ˈθʌɹ.ə.li/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, precaution /pɹiːˈkɔ.ʃən/, accomplishment /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, monumental /ˌmɑnjəˈmɛntəl/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, hectare /ˈhɛk.tɛɹ/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: pyramid /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/, monument /ˈmɑnjʊmənt/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, rectangular /ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjəlɚ/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, stack /stæk/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come pyramid, monument, archaeologist.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.