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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 1.
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Passage 1.
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Why we need to protect polar bears.
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Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences.
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They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees Celsius.
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One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin.
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Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease.
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Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.
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A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery.
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They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears.
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This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth.
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Lure and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as a POV, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins, LDLs, a form of bad cholesterol.
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In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease.
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Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.
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The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation, osteoporosis.
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This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation.
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Bone tissue is constantly being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under.
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Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy.
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Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs.
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This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves.
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Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.
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Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Alan Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008.
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They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens.
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In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.
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Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.
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If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans and even astronauts could potentially benefit.
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The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration.
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We tend to want to protect animals with their power intelligence and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates.
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Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent.
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And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities.
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A male bear called Gogo in Tinojizu, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment.
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The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out his reach.
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Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with Gogo.
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A calculated move by a male bear involved running
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and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform 4 meters high.
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In other studies, such as one by Allison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation.
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For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game.
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The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviors.
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These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.
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As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to head out at ice and snow,
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seemingly out of frustration, when they have just missed out on a kill.
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Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.
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Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Eiji has formed a close
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relationship with her owner-marked Duma to the point where they even swim together.
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This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.
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If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human nursing,
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but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione

Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: bear, polar, bone, density, disease. Questo video contiene 47 frasi e 818 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:23. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 152 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 72% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.

Vocaboli chiave di questo video

Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:

ParolaPronunciaSignificato
remodel verborimodellare
disappearance sostantivo/dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/sparizione, scomparsa
calcium sostantivo/ˈkælsi.əm/calcio
colleague sostantivo/ˈkɒliːɡ/collega
den sostantivo/ˈdɛn/salotto
observe verbo/əbˈzɜːv/osservare
consequence sostantivo/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/conseguenza
adipose aggettivo/ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/adiposo
astonish verbo/əˈstɑnɪʃ/sorprendere, stupire
bedridden aggettivo/ˈbɛdɹɪdən/degente, allettato
dislodge verbo/dɪsˈlɒdʒ/sloggiare, fare sloggiare
hibernate verbo/ˈhaɪbəɹˌneɪt/ibernare
lipoprotein sostantivo/ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/lipoproteina
osteoporosis sostantivo/ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/osteoporosi
physiologist sostantivofisiologo, fisiologa

I phrasal verb che sentirai

ParolaPronunciaSignificato
come around verbo/kʌ.məˈɹaʊnd/ripensarsi, tornare in sé

La grammatica di questo video

Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:

StrutturaNel video
Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fawould be considered · are associated · being remodeled
Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adessohave allowed · has even been observed · has also been witnessed

Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione

  • I suoni “th”: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
  • I suoni “sh” e “zh”: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
  • Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, maternity /məˈtɜɹnəti/

I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:

  • Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, adipose /ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/
  • /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: anecdotal [ˌænɪkˈdəʊ̯tɫ̩], calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/, adipose /ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, astronaut /ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/

Come esercitarsi con questo video

  1. Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
  2. Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
  3. Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come remodel, disappearance, calcium.

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.

Tecnica dello shadowing: leggi la guida completa passo dopo passo →