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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 1.

Passage 1.

Why we need to protect polar bears.

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences.

They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees Celsius.

One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin.

Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease.

Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery.

They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears.

This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth.

Lure and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as a POV, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins, LDLs, a form of bad cholesterol.

In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease.

Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation, osteoporosis.

This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation.

Bone tissue is constantly being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under.

Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy.

Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs.

This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves.

Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.

Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Alan Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008.

They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens.

In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.

Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.

If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans and even astronauts could potentially benefit.

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration.

We tend to want to protect animals with their power intelligence and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates.

Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent.

And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities.

A male bear called Gogo in Tinojizu, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment.

The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out his reach.

Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with Gogo.

A calculated move by a male bear involved running

and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform 4 meters high.

In other studies, such as one by Allison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation.

For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game.

The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviors.

These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to head out at ice and snow,

seemingly out of frustration, when they have just missed out on a kill.

Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.

Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Eiji has formed a close

relationship with her owner-marked Duma to the point where they even swim together.

This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human nursing,

but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

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같은 채널

FOR YOU

이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: bear, polar, bone, density, disease. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 47개와 단어 818개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 5:23입니다. 화자는 분당 약 152단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 72%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
disappearance 명사	/dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/	소실
calcium 명사	/ˈkælsi.əm/	칼슘
colleague 명사	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	동료, 동업자
observe 동사	/əbˈzɜːv/	관찰하다
consequence 명사	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	결과
bedridden 형용사	/ˈbɛdɹɪdən/	와상
osteoporosis 명사	/ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/	골다공증
primate 명사	/ˈpɹaɪmeɪt/	영장류, 령장류
nutrient 명사	/ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/	영양소
starvation 명사	/stɑɹˈveɪʃən/	기근, 굶주림
calorie 명사	/ˈkæləɹi/	칼로리
astronaut 명사	/ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/	우주비행사
paradox 명사	/ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/	모순, 자가당착
mutation 명사	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	변형, 변이
obese 형용사	/oʊˈbis/	뚱뚱한

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	would be considered · are associated · being remodeled
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have allowed · has even been observed · has also been witnessed

주의할 발음

“th” 소리: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, maternity /məˈtɜɹnəti/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, insufficient /ɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/, frustration /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/, elephant /ˈɛlɪfənt/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, possess /pəˈzɛs/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, disappearance, calcium, colleague 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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