シャドーイング練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 1.

Passage 1.

Why we need to protect polar bears.

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences.

They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees Celsius.

One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin.

Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease.

Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery.

They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears.

This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth.

Lure and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as a POV, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins, LDLs, a form of bad cholesterol.

In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease.

Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation, osteoporosis.

This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation.

Bone tissue is constantly being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under.

Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy.

Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs.

This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves.

Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.

Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Alan Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008.

They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens.

In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.

Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.

If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans and even astronauts could potentially benefit.

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration.

We tend to want to protect animals with their power intelligence and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates.

Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent.

And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities.

A male bear called Gogo in Tinojizu, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment.

The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out his reach.

Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with Gogo.

A calculated move by a male bear involved running

and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform 4 meters high.

In other studies, such as one by Allison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation.

For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game.

The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviors.

These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to head out at ice and snow,

seemingly out of frustration, when they have just missed out on a kill.

Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.

Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Eiji has formed a close

relationship with her owner-marked Duma to the point where they even swim together.

This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human nursing,

but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：bear, polar, bone, density, disease。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が47文、単語が818語あります。音声の長さは5:23です。話す速さは1分あたり約152語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は72%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
disappearance 名詞	/dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/	消失
calcium 名詞	/ˈkælsi.əm/	カルシウム, 石灰素
colleague 名詞	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	同僚, 同業者
observe 動詞	/əbˈzɜːv/	守る, 従う
consequence 名詞	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	結果
astonish 動詞	/əˈstɑnɪʃ/	驚かす
hibernate 動詞	/ˈhaɪbəɹˌneɪt/	冬眠する
osteoporosis 名詞	/ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/	骨粗鬆症
primate 名詞	/ˈpɹaɪmeɪt/	霊長類
nutrient 名詞	/ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/	栄養, 栄養素
starvation 名詞	/stɑɹˈveɪʃən/	飢餓
majestic 形容詞	/məˈd͡ʒɛstɪk/	荘厳な, 威厳がある
calorie 名詞	/ˈkæləɹi/	カロリー
astronaut 名詞	/ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/	宇宙飛行士, アストロノート
paradox 名詞	/ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/	矛盾, パラドックス

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	would be considered · are associated · being remodeled
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have allowed · has even been observed · has also been witnessed

注意したい発音

「th」の音: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
「sh」と「zh」の音: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, maternity /məˈtɜɹnəti/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/, remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, insufficient /ɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/, frustration /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/, elephant /ˈɛlɪfənt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。disappearance, calcium, colleagueなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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