シャドーイング練習: Cambridge IELTS 17 Test 4 Reading passage 1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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Bats to the Rescue How Madagascar's bats are helping to save the rainforest.
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There are few places in the world where relations between agriculture and conservation are more strained.
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Madagascar's forests are being converted to agricultural land at a rate of 1% every year.
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Much of this destruction is fueled by the cultivation of the country's main staple crop, rice.
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And a key reason for this destruction is
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that insect pests are destroying vast quantities of what is grown by local subsistence farmers, leading them to clear forests to create new paddy fields.
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The result is devastating habitat and biodiversity loss on the island, but not all species are suffering.
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In fact, some of the island's insectivorous bats are currently thriving, and this has important implications for farmers and conservationists alike.
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Enter University of Cambridge zoologist Ricardo Rocha.
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He's passionate about conservation and bats.
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More specifically, he's interested in how bats are responding to human activity and deforestation in particular.
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Rocha's new study shows
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that several species of bats are giving Madagascar's rice farmers a vital pest control service by feasting on plagues of insects.
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And this, he believes, can ease the financial pressure on farmers to turn forest into fields.
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Bats comprise roughly one-fifth of all mammal species in Madagascar and 36 recorded bat species are native to the island,
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making it one of the most important regions for conservation of this animal group anywhere in the world.
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Co-leading an international team of scientists, Rocha found
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that several species of indigenous bats are taking advantage of habitat modification to hunt insects swarming above the country's rice fields.
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They include the Malagasy mouse-eared bat, Major's long-fingered bat, the Malagasy white-bellied free-tailed bat, and Peters' wrinkle-lipped bat.
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These winter species are providing a valuable free service to Madagascar as biological pest suppressors, says Rocha.
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We found that six species of bat are preying on rice pests, including the paddy-swarming caterpillar and grass webworm.
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The damage which these insects cause puts the island's farmers under huge financial pressure, and that encourages deforestation.
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The study, now published in the journal Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, set out to investigate the feeding activity of insectivorous bats in
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the farmland bordering the Rana Mofana National Park in the southeast of the country.
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Rocha and his team used state-of-the-art ultrasonic recorders to record over a thousand bat-feeding buzzes, echolocation sequences used by bats to target their prey,
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at 54 sites, in order to identify the favorite feeding spots of the bats.
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They next used DNA barcoding techniques to analyze droppings collected from bats at the different sites.
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The recordings revealed that bat activity over rice fields was much higher than it was in continuous forest, seven times higher over rice fields which were on flat ground,
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and 16 times higher over fields on the sides of hills, leaving no doubt that the animals are preferentially foraging in these man-made ecosystems.
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The researchers suggest that the bats favor these fields
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because lack of water and nutrient runoff make these crops more susceptible to insect pest infestations.
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DNA analysis showed that all six species of bat had fed on economically important insect pests.
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While the findings indicated that rice farming benefits most from the bats, the scientists also found indications that the bats were consuming pests of other crops,
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including the black twig borer, which infests coffee plants, the sugarcane cicada, the macadamia nut borer, and the sober tabby,
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a pest of citrus fruits.
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The effectiveness of bats as pest controllers has already been proven in the USA and Catalonia, said co-author James Kemp from the University of Lisbon.
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But our study is the first to show this happening in Madagascar, where the stakes for both farmers and conservationists are so high,
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local people may have a further reason to be grateful to their bats.
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While the animal is often associated with spreading disease, Rocha and his team found evidence that Malagasy bats feed not just on crop pests,
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but also on mosquitoes, carriers of malaria, Rift Valley fever virus and elephantiasis, as well as blackflies, which spread river blindness.
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Rocha points out that the relationship is complicated.
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When food is scarce, bats become a crucial source of protein for local people.
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Even the children will hunt them.
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And as well as roosting in trees, the bats sometimes roost in buildings, but are not welcomed there because they make them unclean.
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At the same time, however, they are associated with sacred caves and their ancestors, so they can be viewed as beings between worlds,
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which makes them very significant in the culture of the people.
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And one potential problem is that while these bats are benefiting from farming, at the same time deforestation is reducing the places where they can roost,
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which could have long-term effects on their numbers.
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Rocha says, With the right help, we hope that farmers can promote this mutually beneficial relationship by installing bat houses.
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Rocha and his colleagues believe that maximizing bat populations can help to boost crop yields and promote sustainable livelihoods.
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The team is now calling for further research to quantify this contribution.
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I'm very optimistic, says Rocha.
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If we give nature a hand, we can speed up the process of regeneration.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Cambridge IELTS 17 Test 4 Reading passage 1」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：bat, pest, Rocha, species, farmers。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が53文、単語が881語あります。 音声の長さは5:18です。 話す速さは1分あたり約166語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は71%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
farmer 名詞/ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/農夫, 農家
insect 名詞/ˈɪn.sɛkt/昆虫
crop 名詞/kɹɑp/作物
roost 名詞/ɹust/塒
insectivorous 形容詞/ˌɪnsɛkˈtɪv(ə)ɹəs/食虫
swarm 名詞/swɔɹm/群れ, 雲霞
paddy 名詞/ˈpædi/稲, 田
ecosystem 名詞/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/生態系
prey 名詞/pɹeɪ/獲物
ancestor 名詞/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/先祖, 祖先
biodiversity 名詞/ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/生物多様性
blackfly 名詞蚋
blindness 名詞/ˈblaɪndnəs/盲目, 盲
caterpillar 名詞/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/毛虫, 芋虫
cicada 名詞/sɪˈkeɪ.də/蝉, セミ

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語発音意味
point out 動詞指す, 指し示す
speed up 動詞/spiːdˈʌp/スピードを出す

注意したい発音

  • 「th」の音: thrive /θɹajv/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: deforestation /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/, echolocation /ˌɛkoʊloʊˈkeɪʃən/, infestation /ˌɪnfɛsˈteɪ̯ʃən/, preferentially /ˈpɹɛf.ɜː(ɹ)ˌɛn.ʃə.li/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: deforestation /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/, insectivorous /ˌɪnsɛkˈtɪv(ə)ɹəs/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/, caterpillar /ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

  • /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: farmland /ˈfɑːɹmlænd/, preferentially /ˈpɹɛf.ɜː(ɹ)ˌɛn.ʃə.li/, ultrasonic /ʌltɹəˈsɒnɪk/, wrinkle /ˈɹɪŋkl̩/, malaria /məˈlɛəɹi.ə/
  • /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: insectivorous /ˌɪnsɛkˈtɪv(ə)ɹəs/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/, devastate /ˈdɛv.ə.steɪt/, livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/, cultivation /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/
  • /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: farmer /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/, deforestation /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/, elephantiasis /ˌɛlɪfənˈtaɪəsɪs/, farmland /ˈfɑːɹmlænd/, forage /ˈfoɹɪd͡ʒ/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。farmer, insect, cropなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →