Prática de Shadowing: Cambridge IELTS 17 Test 4 Reading passage 1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Bats to the Rescue How Madagascar's bats are helping to save the rainforest.
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There are few places in the world where relations between agriculture and conservation are more strained.
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Madagascar's forests are being converted to agricultural land at a rate of 1% every year.
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Much of this destruction is fueled by the cultivation of the country's main staple crop, rice.
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And a key reason for this destruction is
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that insect pests are destroying vast quantities of what is grown by local subsistence farmers, leading them to clear forests to create new paddy fields.
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The result is devastating habitat and biodiversity loss on the island, but not all species are suffering.
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In fact, some of the island's insectivorous bats are currently thriving, and this has important implications for farmers and conservationists alike.
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Enter University of Cambridge zoologist Ricardo Rocha.
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He's passionate about conservation and bats.
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More specifically, he's interested in how bats are responding to human activity and deforestation in particular.
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Rocha's new study shows
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that several species of bats are giving Madagascar's rice farmers a vital pest control service by feasting on plagues of insects.
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And this, he believes, can ease the financial pressure on farmers to turn forest into fields.
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Bats comprise roughly one-fifth of all mammal species in Madagascar and 36 recorded bat species are native to the island,
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making it one of the most important regions for conservation of this animal group anywhere in the world.
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Co-leading an international team of scientists, Rocha found
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that several species of indigenous bats are taking advantage of habitat modification to hunt insects swarming above the country's rice fields.
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They include the Malagasy mouse-eared bat, Major's long-fingered bat, the Malagasy white-bellied free-tailed bat, and Peters' wrinkle-lipped bat.
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These winter species are providing a valuable free service to Madagascar as biological pest suppressors, says Rocha.
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We found that six species of bat are preying on rice pests, including the paddy-swarming caterpillar and grass webworm.
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The damage which these insects cause puts the island's farmers under huge financial pressure, and that encourages deforestation.
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The study, now published in the journal Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, set out to investigate the feeding activity of insectivorous bats in
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the farmland bordering the Rana Mofana National Park in the southeast of the country.
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Rocha and his team used state-of-the-art ultrasonic recorders to record over a thousand bat-feeding buzzes, echolocation sequences used by bats to target their prey,
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at 54 sites, in order to identify the favorite feeding spots of the bats.
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They next used DNA barcoding techniques to analyze droppings collected from bats at the different sites.
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The recordings revealed that bat activity over rice fields was much higher than it was in continuous forest, seven times higher over rice fields which were on flat ground,
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and 16 times higher over fields on the sides of hills, leaving no doubt that the animals are preferentially foraging in these man-made ecosystems.
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The researchers suggest that the bats favor these fields
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because lack of water and nutrient runoff make these crops more susceptible to insect pest infestations.
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DNA analysis showed that all six species of bat had fed on economically important insect pests.
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While the findings indicated that rice farming benefits most from the bats, the scientists also found indications that the bats were consuming pests of other crops,
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including the black twig borer, which infests coffee plants, the sugarcane cicada, the macadamia nut borer, and the sober tabby,
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a pest of citrus fruits.
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The effectiveness of bats as pest controllers has already been proven in the USA and Catalonia, said co-author James Kemp from the University of Lisbon.
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But our study is the first to show this happening in Madagascar, where the stakes for both farmers and conservationists are so high,
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local people may have a further reason to be grateful to their bats.
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While the animal is often associated with spreading disease, Rocha and his team found evidence that Malagasy bats feed not just on crop pests,
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but also on mosquitoes, carriers of malaria, Rift Valley fever virus and elephantiasis, as well as blackflies, which spread river blindness.
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Rocha points out that the relationship is complicated.
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When food is scarce, bats become a crucial source of protein for local people.
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Even the children will hunt them.
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And as well as roosting in trees, the bats sometimes roost in buildings, but are not welcomed there because they make them unclean.
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At the same time, however, they are associated with sacred caves and their ancestors, so they can be viewed as beings between worlds,
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which makes them very significant in the culture of the people.
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And one potential problem is that while these bats are benefiting from farming, at the same time deforestation is reducing the places where they can roost,
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which could have long-term effects on their numbers.
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Rocha says, With the right help, we hope that farmers can promote this mutually beneficial relationship by installing bat houses.
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Rocha and his colleagues believe that maximizing bat populations can help to boost crop yields and promote sustainable livelihoods.
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The team is now calling for further research to quantify this contribution.
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I'm very optimistic, says Rocha.
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If we give nature a hand, we can speed up the process of regeneration.
📺 Mesmo canal
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “Cambridge IELTS 17 Test 4 Reading passage 1”. As palavras que mais se repetem: bat, pest, Rocha, species, farmers. Este vídeo tem 53 frases e 881 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:18. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 166 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 71% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| pest substantivo | /pɛst/ | peste |
| farmer substantivo | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | agricultor, fazendeiro |
| insect substantivo | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | inseto |
| crop substantivo | /kɹɑp/ | cultura, cultivo |
| deforestation substantivo | /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/ | desmatamento, desflorestamento |
| roost substantivo | /ɹust/ | poleiro |
| borer substantivo | /ˈbɔːɹɚ/ | broca |
| insectivorous adjetivo | /ˌɪnsɛkˈtɪv(ə)ɹəs/ | insectívoro, insetívoro |
| swarm substantivo | /swɔɹm/ | enxame, nuvem |
| paddy substantivo | /ˈpædi/ | arrozal |
| ecosystem substantivo | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | ecossistema |
| prey substantivo | /pɹeɪ/ | presa |
| ancestor substantivo | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | ancestral, antepassado |
| biodiversity substantivo | /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/ | biodiversidade |
| blackfly substantivo | borrachudo |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| point out verbo | apontar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “th”: thrive /θɹajv/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: deforestation /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/, echolocation /ˌɛkoʊloʊˈkeɪʃən/, infestation /ˌɪnfɛsˈteɪ̯ʃən/, preferentially /ˈpɹɛf.ɜː(ɹ)ˌɛn.ʃə.li/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: deforestation /dɪˌfɒɹɪsˈteɪʃən/, insectivorous /ˌɪnsɛkˈtɪv(ə)ɹəs/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/, caterpillar /ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: pest /pɛst/, insect /ˈɪn.sɛkt/, crop /kɹɑp/, roost /ɹust/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: mammal /ˈmæməl/, staple /ˈsteɪ.pəl/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, install /ɪnˈstɔl/, sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como pest, farmer, insect.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.