Prática de Shadowing: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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Cambridge 16, IELTS Reading Test 4.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Tunnels.
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The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.
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The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.
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In the early 1st millennium BCE, they introduced the Canet method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line to ensure
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that the tunnel kept to its root and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.
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Underground, workers removed the air from between the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel.
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The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work.
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Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.
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Remarkably, some canets built by the persians 2 700 years ago
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are still in use today they later passed on their knowledge
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to the romans who also used the cannet method to construct
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water supply tunnels for agriculture roman cannet tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30
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and 60 meters the shafts were equipped with handholds
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and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.
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To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft
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and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.
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Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.
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The 5.6 kilometer long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fusine Lake in central Italy,
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had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.
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By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,
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in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.
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It was used to cut through high mountains when the Kanat method was not a practical alternative.
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This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.
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Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems
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or when it deviated from its set path.
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They constantly checked the tunnel's advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and make corrections whenever necessary.
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Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.
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An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel built
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by the Romans as part of the Salve aqueduct system in
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modern-day Algeria describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain
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and how the later construction of lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.
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The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills
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or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.
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An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlopass tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.
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Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today.
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Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.
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Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.
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Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolokoti mines in Wales.
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When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.
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Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.
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The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used
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and the type of rock being excavated.
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The Canet construction method was usually faster than the counter excavation method as it was more straightforward.
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This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.
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The type of rock could also influence construction times.
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When the rock was hard,

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1”. As palavras que mais se repetem: tunnel, shaft, method, roman, construction. Este vídeo tem 48 frases e 731 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:40. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 157 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 75% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:

PalavraPronúnciaSignificado
shaft substantivo/ˈʃɑːft/haste, cabo
construct verbo/ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/montar
mineral substantivo/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/mineral
excavate verbo/ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/escavar
excavation substantivo/ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/escavação
metre substantivo/ˈmiːtəɹ/metro
vertical adjetivo/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/vertical
plum substantivo/plʌm/ameixa, amêixoa
vein substantivo/veɪn/veia
interval substantivo/ˈɪntɚvəl/intervalo
builder substantivo/ˈbɪl.dəɹ/construtor, construtora
civilization substantivo/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/civilização
meter substantivo/ˈmitəɹ/contador
aqueduct substantivo/ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/aqueduto
deviate verbo/ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/desviar

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

PalavraPronúnciaSignificado
carry out verbo/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/carregar

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

  • Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/
  • Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

  • Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, deviate /ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/
  • /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, vertical /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/, usable /ˈjuː.zə.bəl/, obstacle /ˈɑbstəkəl/
  • /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: foothold /ˈfʊthoʊld/, hillside /ˈhɪlˌsaɪd/

Como praticar com este vídeo

  1. Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
  2. Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
  3. Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como shaft, construct, mineral.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →