Практика Shadowing: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Создание урока...
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Cambridge 16, IELTS Reading Test 4.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Tunnels.
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The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.
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The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.
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In the early 1st millennium BCE, they introduced the Canet method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line to ensure
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that the tunnel kept to its root and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.
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Underground, workers removed the air from between the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel.
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The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work.
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Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.
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Remarkably, some canets built by the persians 2 700 years ago
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are still in use today they later passed on their knowledge
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to the romans who also used the cannet method to construct
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water supply tunnels for agriculture roman cannet tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30
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and 60 meters the shafts were equipped with handholds
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and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.
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To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft
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and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.
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Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.
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The 5.6 kilometer long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fusine Lake in central Italy,
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had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.
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By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,
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in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.
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It was used to cut through high mountains when the Kanat method was not a practical alternative.
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This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.
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Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems
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or when it deviated from its set path.
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They constantly checked the tunnel's advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and make corrections whenever necessary.
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Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.
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An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel built
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by the Romans as part of the Salve aqueduct system in
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modern-day Algeria describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain
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and how the later construction of lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.
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The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills
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or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.
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An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlopass tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.
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Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today.
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Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.
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Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.
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Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolokoti mines in Wales.
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When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.
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Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.
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The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used
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and the type of rock being excavated.
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The Canet construction method was usually faster than the counter excavation method as it was more straightforward.
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This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.
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The type of rock could also influence construction times.
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When the rock was hard,
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1». Чаще всего повторяются слова: tunnel, shaft, method, roman, construction. В этом видео 48 предложений и 731 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 4:40. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 157 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 75% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

СловоПроизношениеЗначение
shaft существительное/ˈʃɑːft/дре́вко
construct глагол/ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/стро́ить, постро́ить
mineral существительное/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/минера́л
excavation существительное/ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/копа́ние, рытьё
metre существительное/ˈmiːtəɹ/метр
vertical прилагательное/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/вертика́льный, отве́сный
plum существительное/plʌm/сли́ва
vein существительное/veɪn/ве́на, жи́ла
interval существительное/ˈɪntɚvəl/интерва́л, промежу́ток
builder существительное/ˈbɪl.dəɹ/строи́тель, строи́тельница
civilization существительное/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/цивилиза́ция, культу́ра
meter существительное/ˈmitəɹ/счётчик, измери́тель
aqueduct существительное/ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/акведу́к
deviate глагол/ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/отклоня́ться, отклони́ться
deviation существительное/ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/отклоне́ние

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

СловоПроизношениеЗначение
carry out глагол/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/выноси́ть, вы́нести

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

  • Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/
  • Длинные слова — следите за ударением: remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

  • /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, equip /ɪˈkwɪp/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/
  • /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: foothold /ˈfʊthoʊld/, hillside /ˈhɪlˌsaɪd/
  • Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: foothold /ˈfʊthoʊld/, hillside /ˈhɪlˌsaɪd/, corrections /kəˈɹɛkʃənz/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

  1. Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
  2. Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
  3. Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как shaft, construct, mineral.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →