Практика Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 1 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Cambridge IELTS 16 Reading Test 2.

The White Horse of Uffington.

The cutting of huge figures are, geoglyphs, into the earth of English hillsides has taken place for more than 3,000 years.

There are 56 hill figures scattered around England, with the vast majority on the chalked downlands of the country's southern counties.

The figures include giants, horses, crosses and regimental badges.

Although the majority of these geoglyphs date within the last 300 years or so, there are one or two that are much older.

The most famous of these figures is perhaps also the most mysterious, the Uffington White Horse in Oxfordshire.

The White Horse has recently been redated and shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date.

More controversial is the date of the enigmatic Long Man of Wilmington in Sussex.

While many historians are convinced the figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory

and was created between the 11th and 15th centuries.

The method of cutting these huge figures was simply to remove the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below.

However, the grass would soon grow over the geoglyph again unless it was regularly cleaned

or scoured by a fairly large team of people.

One reason that the vast majority of hill figures have disappeared is that when the traditions associated with the figures faded,

people no longer bothered or remembered to clear away the grass to expose the chalk outline.

Furthermore, over hundreds of years the outlines would sometimes change due to people not always cutting in exactly the same place,

thus creating a different shape to the original geoglyph.

The fact that any ancient hill figures survive at all in England today is testament to the strength

and continuity of local customs and beliefs which, in one case at least, must stretch back over millennia.

Iron Age, a period in Britain 800 BCE-43 CE, that is characterized by the use of iron tools.

The Uffington White Horse is a unique, stylized representation of a horse consisting of a long, sleek back, thin disjointed legs, a streaming tail, and a bird-like beaked head.

The elegant creature almost melts into the landscape,

The horse is situated 2.5 kilometers from Uffington Village on a steep slope close to the Late Bronze Age,

circa 7th century BCE, pilfered of Uffington Castle and below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic asterisk track.

The Uffington Horse is also surrounded by Bronze Age burial mounds.

It is not far from the Bronze Age Cemetery of Lamburn's Seven Barrows, which consists of more than 30 well-preserved burial mounds.

The carving has been placed in such a way as to make it extremely difficult to see from close quarters, and like many geoglyphs is best appreciated from the air.

Nevertheless, there are certain areas of the Vale of the White Horse, the valley containing and named after the enigmatic creature, from which an adequate impression may be gained.

Indeed on a clear day the carving can be seen from up to 30 kilometers away.

The earliest evidence of a horse at Uffington is from the 1070s CE when, White Horse Hill, is mentioned in documents from the nearby Abbey of Abingdon,

and the first reference to the horse itself is soon after, in 1190 CE.

However, the carving is believed to date back much further than that.

Due to the similarity of the Uffington White Horse to the stylized depictions of horses on 1st century BCE coins, it had been thought that the creature must also date to that period.

However, in 1995 optically stimulated luminescence,

OSL, testing was carried out by the Oxford Archaeological Unit on soil from two of the lower layers of the horse's body, and from another cut near the base.

The result was a date for the horse's construction somewhere between 1400 and 600 BCE in other words, it had a late Bronze Age or early Iron Age origin.

The latter end of this state range would tie the carving of the horse in with occupation of the nearby Uffington Hilford,

indicating that it may represent a tribal emblem marking the land of the inhabitants of the Hilford.

Alternatively, the carving may have been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual.

Some researchers see the horse as representing the Celtic asterisk asterisk asterisk horse goddess Apona, who was worshipped as a protector of horses,

and for her associations with fertility.

However, the cult of Epona was not imported from Gaul, France, until around the 1st century CE.

This date is at least six centuries after the Uffington horse was probably carved.

Nevertheless, the horse had great ritual and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by its depictions on jewelry and other metal objects.

It is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh mythology as a beautiful woman dressed in gold and riding a white horse.

The fact that geoglyphs can disappear easily, along with their associated rituals and meaning, indicates that they were never intended to be anything more than temporary gestures.

But this does not lessen their importance.

These giant carvings are a fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators

and how they viewed the landscape in which they lived.

Passage 2

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 51 предложений и 890 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:11. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 172 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 74% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:

carving /ˈkɑɹvɪŋ/ (существительное) — резьба́. A carved object.
grass /ɡɹɑːs/ (существительное) — трава́, мурава́. Any plant of the family Poaceae, characterized by leaves that arise from nodes in the stem and leaf bases that wrap around the stem, especially those grown as…
ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ (существительное) — ритуа́л, обря́д. A rite; a repeated set of actions, especially in religious contexts.
chalk /t͡ʃɔk/ (существительное) — мел. A soft, white, powdery limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO₃).
vast /væst/ (прилагательное) — обши́рный, огро́мный. Very large or wide (literally or figuratively).
associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ (существительное) — партнёр, партнёрша. A person united with another or others in an act, enterprise, or business; a partner or employee.
landscape /ˈlan(d)skeɪp/ (существительное) — ландша́фт, пейза́ж. A portion of land or territory as defined by its landform, its geographical (and architectural) features.
indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ (глагол) — ука́зывать, указа́ть. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known.
nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/ (наречие) — одна́ко, тем не ме́нее. In spite of what preceded; yet.
disappear /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ (глагол) — исчеза́ть, исче́знуть. To vanish.
goddess /ˈɡɑdəs/ (существительное) — боги́ня. A female deity.
consist /kənˈsɪst/ (существительное) — соста́в. A lineup or sequence of railroad carriages or cars, with or without a locomotive, that form a unit.
outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ (существительное) — ко́нтур, очерта́ние. A line marking the boundary of an object figure.
burial /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ (существительное) — захороне́ние, погребе́ние. The act of burying; interment; placing remains into the earth.
mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ (существительное) — мифоло́гия, ми́фы. The collection of myths of a people, concerning the origin of the people, history, deities, ancestors and heroes.

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

carry out /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ (глагол) — выноси́ть, вы́нести. To hold while moving it out.

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Звуки «th»: nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, thin /ˈθɪn/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/

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Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как carving, grass, ritual.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	been redated · was created · was regularly cleaned
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has taken · has recently been redated · have disappeared

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Практика Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 1 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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